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CENTENNIAL PORTFOLIO: 



A SOUVENIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 



PHILADELPHIA, 



COMPRISING 



LITHOGRAPHIC VIEAVS OF FIFTY OF ITS PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS, WITH LETTER-PRESS DESCRIPTION 

By THOMPSON WESTCOTT. 



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PHILADELPHIA : 

THOMAS HUNTER, PUBLISHER, 

716 FILBERT STREET. 
1876. 



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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S76, by 

THOMAS HUNTER, 

In the Offioe of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 






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THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1876. 



TKE idea of holding a grand commemoration of the centennial anniversary 
of the independence of the United States was naturally such a one as 
would present itself to the popular mind whenever, in the progress of time, 
the approach of the new century v/as thought of In 1832, with great unanimity, 
the centennial anniversary of the birth of Washington was celebrated through- 
out the country, so that the centennial idea grew up with the present genera- 
lion, and was becoming more prominent as regards the national anniversary 
while years rolled on. The first formal movement toward the adoption of a 
resolution to celebrate the centenary of national independence was made by 
the Franklin Institute and Academy of Fine Arts of Philadelphia, which 
memorialized Congress toward the close of 1S69 in favor of holding an inter- 
national exhibition. Philadelphia, the birthplace of American independence, 
was designated as proper for the e-xhibition because it was the seat of the Con- 
tinental Congress during nearly the whole of the Revolution, and in 1776 the 
resolution of independence and the accompanying declaration of reasons for 
that act were adopted at the State house. The presentation of this subject 
attracted attention throughout the country. 

Shortly after the memorial was presented, the councils of the city of 
Philadelphia appointed a committee upon the centennial celebration, but 
during nearly a year Congress took scarcely any notice of the design. It was 



not formally considered until the session of 1S70-71, and at that time, besides 
the State of Pennsylvania, the only advocate among the commonwealths of the 
Union was the State of New Jersey, which in February, 1S71, appointed a com- 
mittee to visit Philadelphia and to communicate with city councils. On the 
3d of March of that year a bill was passed " to provide for celebrating the 
one hundredth anniversary of American independence by holding an interna- 
tional exhibition of arts, manufactures and products of the soil and mine, in 
the city of Philadelphia and State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1S76." The 
preamble said, " As the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which 
the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the sanction 
of the Congress of the United States." The act then proceeded to provide for 
the appointment of one delegate from each State to constitute a commission, 
to be nominated by the governors of the States and Territories and appointed 
by the President. 

This bill cieated a body which was without means of subsistence. Although 
appropriations were asked of Congress for the purpose of carrying out the de- 
sign of the exhibition, everything connected with providing for the expense of 
the display was stricken out of the hill. Nor was there authority given to the 
Commission to raise a penny by subscription. At this juncture the councils of 
Philadelphia came forward and appropriated money for the expenses of the 



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THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1876. 



U S. Commission ; and if this had not been done, this body would have ad- 
journed si,u- dU. so crippled was its condition under the original act of Con- 
crress. Nevertheless, the Commission assembled, and expecting great difficulty 
Tn prevailing upon Congress to make appropriations to carry out the cost of 
the exhibition suggested that a financial corporation should be created to raise 
money and erect the buildings. Accordingly, on June i, 1872, Congress passed 
an act creating the Centennial Board of Finance, with authority to receive sub- 
scriptions to the capital stock not exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided 
into shares of not over ten dollars each, and to use the proceeds for the erection 
of the buildings and all suitable fixtures and appurtenances, and for carrying 
on the exhibition to its close. 

The passage of this act gave vitality to the entire project and rendered it 
possible of success. The act of Congress created a corporation, to be formed 
by the subscribers to the stock of the board. Shortly afterward subscriptions 
were obtained, principally in the city of Philadelphia, under which the board 
was organized, with John Welsh as President, Frederick Fraley Secretary and 
Treasurer, and a Board of Directors. The first work of the Board of Finance 
was to make proportionate the stock of ^10,000,0=0 to the States of the Union, 
according to their population, for purposes of subscription. One hundred days 
were allotted to the States and Territories to take up their quota of stock. The 
State of New Jersey subscribed $100,000 to the stock ; Delaware, $10,000 ; New 
Hampshire, $10,000; Connecticut, $10,000; and there the State subscriptions 
ended. The city of Wilmington subscribed $5000. The State of Pennsylvania 
did not subscribe to the stock, but gave one million of dollars to the Com- 
mission for the erection of the building since known as Memorial Hall, which 
is to remain permanently in the Park as the property of the State. The city 



of Philadelphia subscribed nothing to the stock, but made several appropria- 
tions for the expenses of the Centennial Commission, and appropriated 
$1,500,000 besides, a portion of which was expended in erecting Horticultural 
Hall and the balance in the construction of Machinery Hall. Both of these 
buildings, therefore, belong to the city of Philadelphia, and are permanent. 
The Commission Was thus relieved of the burden of providing for a large pro- 
portion of the estimated expenses, so that the task before that body was-com- 
paratively easier than it was at the beginning. 

Under the original act of 1871 it was provided that whenever the President 
should be informed by the governor of Pennsylvania that provision had been 
made for the erection of exhibition buildings, he should make proclamation, 
setting forth the particulars, and communicate with the diplomatic corps of all 
nations, etc. On June 26, 1873, Governor Hartranft apprised President Grant 
that provision had been made for the erection of the exposition buildings. 
On the 3d of July the President issued his proclamation, declaring that the 
exhibition would be held in 1876, and Secretary Fish on the 5th of July noti- 
fied foreign nations and invited them to participate. Before the beginning of 
1876 formal acceptances were received from Great Britain, France, Germany, 
Austria, Belgium, Sweden, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Egypt, 
Denmark, Turkey, Switzerland, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Chili, Peru, Argen- 
tine Confederation, Sandwich Islands, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, 
Nicaragua, Colombia, Liberia, Orange Free State, Equador, Guatemala, Salva- 
dor and Honduras. 

On the 4th of July. 1873, the commissioners of Fairmount Park formally 
conveyed 236 acres of land in the most beautiful part of the enclosure, bordering 
on the Schuylkill and extending from Lansdowne to Belmont. Plans of a 



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THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 



building were advertised for, the first idea being to have but one structure, - 
covering 44 acres, in addition to Memorial Hall, Subsequently the idea of a 
single edifice was abandoned, and it was determined to erect several buildings 
for the different objects of display. On March 3, 1S75, Congress appropriated 
§505,000 for the arrangement of an official government display, of which 
§150,000 was to be devoted to the erection of a special building for the govern- 
ment exhibition. 

On July 4, 1874, ground was first broken for the construction of these 
buildings, and before the loth of May, 1876, all the main buildings under the 
charge of the Board of Finance were finished ; some had been ready for four 
and five months, and there was no delay on the part of the managers, to the incon- 
venience of exhibitors, but rather was there a slowness on the part of the latter. 

At the commencement of the last session of Congress the officers of the 
Board of Finance memorialized that body, stating that they had collected from 
all sources, for the purposes of the Exhibition. $5,187,750. They needed 
$^.537,100 to carry the whole work through and open the buildings free of 
debt. Applications for assistance had been made in previous years without 
success, but the work had now so far advanced and the buildings were so 
spacious and beautiful that in shame it may be said Congress was forced to do 
something for this object. Accordingly, on the r4th of February, the President 
signed a bill granting $1,500,000 to finish the buildings. The estimate of the 
Board of Finance was that an additional amount of §1,500,000 would be re- 
quired to conduct the Exhibition from its opening, May 10, 1S76, to its close 
on November loth of the same year. 

On the 22d of April the Centennial Board of Finance reported to the stock- 
holders that it had received the following amounts : 



From the State of Pennsylvania §1 ,000,000 

" " city of Philadelphia 1,500,000 

" " stock subscriptions 2,500,000 

" appropriation by the U. S 1,500,000 

" " concessions, gifts and interests 500,000 

Total §7,000,000 

Leaving one and a half million of dollars to be raised by admission fees for 
payment of current expenses of the display. Of the stock subscriptions, 
§1,872,180 were subscribed by citizens of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, and 
by corporations created by the State ; §492,120 represents the subscriptions of 
cidzens and corporations of all other States and Territories of the Union. 

The balance of §627,120 was subscribed by the States of New Jersey, New 
Hampshire, Connecticut, Delaware, and by the city of Wilmington. Some of 
the States have made special appropriadons to their commissioners and for 
the erection of State buildings for the accommodation and reception of their 
citizens. 

The Centennial Commission divide the buildings into five groups. The first 
of these comprise the buildings erected by the Commission, which include the 
Main, Memorial, Machinery, Agricultural Halls, with their respective annexes, 
the latter being in many cases buildings of large size, including two buildings 
for the exhibition of minerals on the south side of the Main Building and the 
Wagon and Carriage Exhibition Building, also an annex to the Main Build- 
ing. Memorial Hall has as annexes the Photographic Gallery and the great 
Art annex, which is as large as the main building. Machinery Hall, besides 
the boiler-houses, has the Gas-works exhibit, Shoe and Leather Building and 



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THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 



several special exhibitions as annexes. Agricultural Hall has annexes in the 
Pomological Building and the Cattk Exhibition sheds. Besides the buildings 
named belonging to this group are the offices of the Commission, the Jury 
Pavilion and the House of Public Comfort, Dispensary and Hospital under 
control of the Commission to relieve persons taken sick or injured. Upon the 
ground these buildings are represented according to their numbers on the 
ground-plan, and designated by small blue flags over the principal doorways. 
The second group is composed of buildings belonging to the United States and 
to the States of the Union, and carry a red flag. They comprise the United 
States Government Building, United States Hospital, United States Hospital 
Tent, United States Signal Office, United States Block-house and United States 
Laboratory, and the buildings of the States of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 
Educational, Indiana, lUinois, Wisconsin. Michigan, New Hampshne, Con- 
necticut, Massachusetts, Delaware, Minnesota, Arkansas, West Virginia, Mis- 
souri, Kansas and Colorado, Iowa, California, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 
Mississippi, Vermont, New York, Maryland, Tennessee (tent) and Virginia. 
Buildings erected by foreign nations are the next group, designated by a white 
signal flag. They have been erected by Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Brazil, 
Portugal, Sweden (schooihouse), Japan (a private dwelling for Japanese Com- 
mission), France (in the public works and ceramic ware buildings and com- 
missioners' building). Canada (in log house). Chili has erected a building for 
demonstrating the amalgamating of ores. The fourth group is composed of 
restaurants and houses of entertainment. They are the German (Lauber's) 
restaurant, French (Les Trois Freres Provencjaux, by Goyard), Lafayette 
(Sudreaux), Great American (Tobiason & Heilbrun), Southern (Mercer), 
George's Hill (Callman). Jewish, Vienna Bakery and Coffee-house, Milk Dairy, 



New England Kitchen, House of Public Comfort, Turkish Coffee-house, 
Tunisian Coffee-house, and a number of buffets, soda fountains, confectionery 
stands in the various buildings and other parts of the grounds. The fifth group 
embraces, under the name of Miscellaneous Buildings, which has a large inter- 
pretation, almost every other structure on the grounds. They are designated 
by a yellow flag. Principal among them is the Women's Exhibition Building 
and the Wbmen's Schooihouse adjoining, the Glassware Factory of Gillinder, 
Campbell's Printing-house, the Saw-mill, Newspaper Pavilion, buildings of the 
Pressed Fuel Company and of the Fusee Company, Iron and Sheet-metal 
Building, Photographic Studio, Self-coiling Shutters Building, Empire Trans- 
portation Company Building. Singer Manufacturing Company Building, Burial 
Casket House, Liberty Stove-works, Warren, Fuller & Co.'s display of heating 
apparatus, Glass Exhibition Building of Klautschek, Thomas & Co., Bankers' 
Building, Brewers' Building, Dairymen's Butter and Cheese Building, Moorish 
Bazaar, Syrian Bazaar. Japanese Bazaar, Tunisian Cafe and Bazaar, Bible So- 
ciety Building, Philadelphia City Pavilion, World's Ticket Office, Pennsylvania 
Railroad Office and Adams Express, Charleston Guano Company, Yale Lock 
Company and Averill Paint Company. There are 3 buildings for newspaper- 
offices, and several other houses of various kinds in the occupation of private 
parties. 

The grounds are near the Schuylkill River, and through them open from the 
banks of that stream two beautiful ravines which are densely shaded, along 
which natural streams flow with musical murmur. Bridges cross these gorges, 
the main ones being from 80 to too feet above the bottom of the glens, and 
give easy access to the grounds. The ravines, which are known as Lans- 
downe Glen and Belmont Valley, are inviting by their coolness and shade. 



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THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1S76. 






The walks through them are disposed in such a manner as to bring out the 
most picturesque points. A fine lake is west of Belmont Avenue and north of 
Machinery Hall, and adds beauty lo the landscape. Two fountains jet up 
from the rock-work in elegant display. The land at the north-west rises gently 
toward George's Hill, so that the surface of the enclosure presents a pleasing 
variety in the undulations of the ground. There are several other fountains con- 
nected as ornaments to the main buildings, including Bartholdi's beautiful de- 
sign. The Catholic Societies' Fountain, west of Machinery Hall, is one of the 
largest and finest constructions of the kind in the United States. Through the 
grounds the narrow-gauge railway of the West End Company winds around 
the buildings, and with four trains drawn by locomotives conveys travelers 
swiftly from place lo place and affords them opportunities to see all the structures 
and to learn for themselves the situations of those which they wish to visit and 
all the peculiarities of the grounds. There are 194 buildings and constructions 
of all kinds within the 236 acres dedicated to the International Exhibition, 
Some of them are of the largest size, and splendid specimens of architectural 
genius, skill and judgment; whilst others, although but small, violate no canon 



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of good taste, but are appropriate in design and appearance for the objects in- 
tended. To the philosophical visitor who looks around and views the beautiful 
structures which have gone up as if by magic upon this territory, it must be a 
regret that in a few months they will, as if by magic, disappear. Machinery 
Hall, Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall, rising up in position distant from 
each other and seeming to have no object in common, will be all that will re- 
main to tell the story of the greatness of this Exhibition to succeeding genera- 
tions. In a few months, as if the wand of Prospero were waved over the scene, 
all will disappear. 

"Our revels now are ended. These our actors, 
As 1 foretold you, were all spirits, and 
Are melted into air, into thin air: 
And like the baseless fabric of this vision. 
The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
Yea, all which it ioherit, shall dissolve. 
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, 
Leave not a rack behind." 



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No. 

Historical Sketch of the Exposition iii 

Map of Centennial Grounds ix 

Art Gallery i 

Main Exhibition Building 3 

Horticultural Hall 3 

Machinery Hall 4 

Agricultural Hall 5 

U. S. Government Building 6 

Women's Pavilion 7 

Judges' Hall S 

Shoe and Leather Building g 

Carriage Building 10 

Photograph Exhibition Building 11 

Pomological Building 12 

Brewers' Building 13 

BuTTEii and Cheese Factory 14 

Department of Public Comfort 15 

Pennsy'lvania Educational Building 16 



CONTENTS 



No. 

English Government Buildings 17. 

French Government Building 18 

German Government Building 19 

Brazilian Government Building 20 

Spanish Government Building 21 

Japanese Dwelling 22 

Swedish School-House 23 

Canada Log House 24 

New Hampshire State Building.- 25 

Massachusetts State Building 26 

Connecticut State Building 27 

New York State Building 28 

New Jersey State Building 29 

Pennsylvania State Building 30 

Delaware State BuildIng 31 

Maryland State Building : 32 

■West 'Virginia St.ate Building 33 

Arkansas State Building 34 

viii 



No. 

Missouri State Building '. 35 

Mississippi State Building 36 

Ohio State Building 37 

Indiana State Building 38 

Illinois State Building 39 

Michigan St.ate Building 40 

■Wisconsin State Building 41 

Iowa State Building 42 

Kansas and Colorado State Building. . ■ • 43 

Cook's 'World's Ticket-Office 44 

Gillinder & Son's Glass Factory 45 

Singer Sewing Machine Co.'s Building .... 46 

French Restaurant 47 

Campbell Printing-Press Building 48 

Photographic Studio 49 

Japanese Bazaar 50 

Independence Hall in 1776 51 

Independence Hall in 1876 52 







MAP OF CENTENNIAL GROUNDS 

FAIRMOUNT PARK PHILADELPHIA. 



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MEMORIAL HALL lART GALLERY). 



THIS building, the most ornate and striking among the edifices on the 
Centennial grounds, was constructed for the State of Pennsylvania, and 
is intended to remain a permanent ornament of the Park. It stands north 
of the Main Building, in a commanding position overlooking the river Schuyl- 
kill. The ground is elevated, and is 122 feet above the level of the river. 
The materials are granite, brick, glass and iron, no wood being used in 
construction. The building is ^6^ feet long, 210 feet wide and 59 feet in 
height. The dome over the rotunda rises 150 feet above the ground, and 
15 capped by a colossal bell, upon which stands an emblematic figure of 
Columbia, cast in zinc. The main front, facing the south, presents a grand 
entrance, with arcades on either side and square pavilions at the corners. 
The centre consists of three large arched doorways, each 40 feet high by 15 
feet wide, standing upon a platform 70 feet wide, the ascent to which is by :3 
steps. Between the arches of the doorway are clusters of columns terminating 
in emblematic designs illustrative of Science and Art. Colossal sitting figures 
of Science and Art crown the cornice of the main entrance. The arcades east 
and west of the main entrance are each 90 feet long and 40 feet high. They 
connect the principal centre building with the pavilions at the corners. They 
are of 5 groined arches, and open upon garden plots, each 90 by 36 feet, orna- 
mented in the centre by fountains and statuary. The pavilions are 45 feet 
square. There are two of them on the north end of the building, connected 
with those at the south by saloon galleries. The pavilions are each lighted by 
two large windows, each 12} feet wide and 34 feet high, fitted up with paintings, 
stained glass, etc. In front, upon pedestals, opening the approach to the build- 
ing, are two bronze figures of heroic size, representing Pegasus led by the 
Muses, which were brought from Vienna and presented some years ago to the 



Fairmount Park Commission by R. H. Gratz. The outside walls on the east 
and west sides display the pavilions and the walls for pictures, relieved by 
niches, above which is a highly ornamented frieze. The north front is of the 
same character as the south, except that instead of arcades there are small 
windows opening into small rooms or galleries. There are 13 of these. The 
dome is of glass and iron, and at the corners are figures representing the four 
quarters of the globe. All the statuary of the exterior is cast in zinc from designs 
by Mueller, a German artist. The main entrance, on the south, opens upon a 
hall 60 feet wide, 82 feet long and 53 feet high, (ireat doorways open from this 
hall into the centre hall, which is 83 feet square and So feet to the ceiling of the 
dome. East and west of the rotunda are galleries each 98 feet long, 88 feet 
wide and 35 feet in height. The centre hall and galleries form a grand hall, 
2S7 feet long and 85 feet wide, capable of holding Sooo persons, nearly twice 
the dimensions of the largest hall in the country. East and west of the long 
galleries are two others, each 89 feet long and 28 feet wide, which are connected 
with apartments that open into the pavilion-rooms. On the north side there are 
13 smaller rooms, which open on a corridor [4 feet wide, and may be used for 
studios or exhibition-rooms. The interior halls are lighted from above; the 
pavilions from the sides ; the northern rooms from the front. The interior doors 
are of iron and bronze, richly ornamented. All the apartments are embellished 
with ornaments in rich bas-relief. The floors are laid with marble tiles, and the 
entire building, in CKterior appearance and interior finish, is rich and tasteful. 
The pavilions are devoted to statuary ; the galleries mainly to paintings. The 
total area covered by the building is about i^ acres. The total wall-space is 
87,990 square feet. The architect was H. J. Schwarzmann ; builder, R. J. 
Dobbins. Cost, $1,500,000, paid by the State of Pennsylvania. 



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INDUSTRIAL HALL (MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING). 



THE largest building in the Centennial grounds was erected by the Centen- 
nial Board of Finance; and occupies 21.27 acres. Two annexes for the 
exhibition of minerals have since been made to it on the south side, which 
change somewhat the appearance of the building from its original design. This 
magnificent structure is devoted to the exhibition of objects connected with 
manufactures, metallurgy, mining, education and science. The Main Build- 
ing, according to the original design, is a parallelogram running east and west 
1S76 feet long, and from north to south 464 feet wide. It extends along the 
north side of Elm Avenue from Forty-first to Belmont Avenue. The height 
may be said to be one story, although the elevations of the roof are at different 
altitudes. There is a central avenue 120 feet in width, 1S32 feet in length, the 
interior height of which at the apex of the roof is 70 feet. On either side of this 
is an avenue of equal length, 100 feet wide. Outside of the latter are aisles 48 
feet in width ; and still outside of the last named are 2 aisles 24 feet in width. 
The eaves of the outer avenues are 48 feet from the ground, the ceiling sloping 
upward. To break the great length of roof 3 transepts have been introduced, 
crossing the building, and being 416 feet in length. The intersections of these 
various avenues make at the centre of the building 9 spaces, which are from 
ICO to 120 feet square, and which aggregate 416 feet square. Within the main 
transept, rising as it were from the floor of the building, are 4 great towers, 48 
feet square, which extend above the roof to the height of 120 feet. The interiors 
of these towers are accessible by stairways, and support a series of light galleries, 
which are handsomely decorated, and furnish splendid views of the interior of 
the building and of the upper portions of the Park and of the surrounding 
country. The east, west and centre of the fronts of the building are relieved 



of the monotony which would attach to the plain features of so great a structure 
by central projections with galleries and towers, and towers at the corners 75 
feet from the ground. The various heights break the straight lines, and have 
enabled the architects to overcome the exceeding difficulty of treatment of such 
an immense space of building-front, which under ordinary circumstances would 
present a painful uniformity of appearance. The superstructure is composed of 
brick, iron, glass and stone, ventilation being ensured by Louvre windows, and 
the lighting being perfect, so that everything can be seen during the ordinary 
hours of daylight with better advantage than was ever before afforded in a 
building of this kind. There are 672 iron columns to support the interior; they 
are placed upon piers of masonry, are 24 feet apart, and sustain the iron roof- 
trusses. Some of these pillars are but 23 feet in length; the largest, 1.5 feet. 
The aggregate weight of columns is 2,200,000 pounds ; the roof-truss and girders, 
5.000,000 pounds. The building contains five miles of avenues and thirty-five 
miles of transepts and aisles. More than half the present population of Phila- 
delphia could be placed within its walls at one time. The pillars and roof 
are tastefully decorated; the walls are ornamented; so that even when it was 
empty the structure was attractive. The turrets, the emblems and trophies 
over the entrances, the gay flags floating from hundreds of staffs, render the 
building exceedingly effective. The annexes to the Main Building give 
considerable additional space. The architects were Henry Pettit and Joseph 
M.Wilson; the builder, Richard J. Dobbins. Cost, gr, 600, 000. The build- 
ing was commenced May 8, 1875; ^^^^^ girder set up November 18 of same 
year; completed and transferred to the Centennial Commission February 14, 
1S76. 



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HORTICULTURAL HALL. 



ONE of the most attractive structures upon the Centennial grounds is Horti- 
cultural Hall. It is so peculiar in appearance, and so unlike. the usual 
order of buildings in this country, that it commands particular attention and 
admiration. The style is Mauresque, and of the character of the Moorish archi- 
tecture of the twelfth centuiy, of which one of the finest examples is to be found 
in the remains of the palace of Alhambra in Spain. The characteristics of this 
architecture are light, fanciful and ornate. Bright colors and strong contrasts 
are allowable. The result has been the construction of a building which re- 
sembles a palace of Eastern romance, attractive and graceful. This hall is at 
the head of Fountain Avenue, on the north side of Lansdowne Valley and north- 
east of Memorial Hall. It is constructed of iron, brick and glass. It is vaulted 
in the basement stories, and is substantial and fire-proof. It is j,83 feet in length, 
193 feet in width, and in height to the top of the lantern 72 feet, covering 1.05 
acres. The east and west entrances are approached by flights of marble steps 
rising from terraces and leading to an open kiosquc 20 feet in diameter. The 
basements are occupied by kitchens, storerooms, heating arrangements, etc. 
The central conservatory occupies the main floor, and is 230x80 feet, and 55 
feet high to the base of the lantern, which is 170 feet long, 20 wide and 14 high. 
The interior of the conservatory is ornamented with fountains and places for 
the exhibition of plants. Around the sides of this apartment Moorish arches 
of white, black and red brick support a gallery 5 feet in width. This arcade is 



a very conspicuous ornament of the interior, and attracts universal attention. 
The upper part of the conservatory is ornamented in blue and gold, bright and 
showy. Four chandeliers in the Moorish style of elaborate construction are to 
light up the interior; they are of 60 lights, and there are side-lights around the 
room. Outside of the space, in the building devoted to the main conservatory, 
are the forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants; they are 4 in num- 
ber, each 100 K 30 feet, and covered with roofs of iron and glass. Vestibules or 
entrances divide these forcing-houses ; they are in use for purposes of offices, 
so are also the vestibules on the east and west, extending the full length of the 
building. Over the forcing-houses are outside galleries, 10 feet in width and 
100 in length, which are connected with the grand promenade formed by the 
roofs of the rooms on the ground-floor. Stairways at the corners of the build- 
ing lead to the outside as well as to the inside gallery. Connected with 
Horticultural Hall are 35 acres of ground, which extend westward over the Bel- 
mont road as far as the Catholic Fountain, and which are gay with flowers from 
all parts of the world. This edifice stands on Lansdowne Terrace, near the 
Schuylkill River, and commands a fine view in every direction. It was built 
at the cost of the city of Philadelphia, and presented to the Centennial Com- 
mission for the purpose of the Exhibition. It will remain permanently as an 
ornament of the Park and for future use. The architect was H. J. Schwarz- 
mann ; builder, John Rice. Cost, $251,937. 



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GROUND PLAN OF H RTl CU LTU RAL HALL. 



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GARTENBAU AUSSTELL? GEB. 



HORTICULTURAL HALL 



GALERIE D HORTICULTURE. 



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MACH IN ERY HALL. 



IN general appearance at a distance resembles the Main Exhibition Building, 
but the architectural details are quite different. The structure is located 
about 550 feet west of the .Main Exhibition Building, its north front being upon 
the same line, so that, viewed from the interior of the grounds, this building ap- 
pears to be a continuation of the other. This structure is 1402 feet long, 360 
feet wide, with an annex extending from the centre 210 feet in depth to Elm 
Avenue, this extra space being 20S feet wide. There are also 2 other annexes 
and 4 boiler-houses, with some small buildings. There are two main avenues, 
each 90 feet wide, with a central aisle between them, 60 feet in width. Two 
aisles, each 63 feet wide, one on the north and one on the south side, finish 
out the ground-plan. Taking off from the interior the front constructions and 
galleries, these aisles are each 1360 feet long. In the centre is a transept 90 
feet wide, extending from north to south, and widening on the south line of the 
main building to 208 feet. The chief portion of this edifice is one story in 
height, the main cornice on the outside being 40 feet from the ground. The 
interior height to the top of the elevator, from the avenues, is 70 feet ; in the 
aisles it is 40 feet. The foundations are piers of masonry, upon which are 
erected solid timber columns, which stand in rows 16 feet apart. The columns 
are 40 feet high, and support the 90-feet roof-spans and the 60-feet roof-spans 
at the aisles. The outer walls are built of masonry to the height of 5 feet, above 



which are glazed sash in connection with the columns. These windows are 
movable for ventilation, and there are Louvre ventilators along the avenues 
and aisles. The light is from the north' and south. The annex fitted up for 
hydraulic inachines has a tank 60 x 160 feet, with 10 feet depth of water. The 
interior is handsomely decorated in light colors, the pillars, ties, struts and roof 
being painted with taste, so as to create an agreeable effect. The exterior is 
diversified in the long lines by facades and projections at the main entrances, 
which extend 78 feet in height and are ornamented with arches and towers. 
In the centre there is a facade and tower with projecting wings. East and west 
of the centre, about halfway between that portion of the building and the ends, 
are other projections. There are eight entrances upon the sides, four of which, 
with doorways and ornaments, help to break up the uniformity. From these 
doorways walks lead across the building, 10 feet wide. The promenades in the 
avenues are 15 feet wide ; in the aisles, 10 feet wide ; and in the transept, 25 
feet wide. The entire area is 558,440 square feet, or nearly 13 acres, and with 
the gallery space the available area is nearly 14 acres. The architects are 
Henry Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson ; the builder, Philip Ouigley, of Wilming- 
ton, Del. Cost of the building, $792,000. This building was constructed en- 
tirely at the cost of the city of Philadelphia, and will permanendy remain on 
the grounds after the Exhibition is closed. 



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GROUND PLAN OF MACHINERY HALL. 




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MASCHINEN HALLE- MACHINERY HALL GALERIE DES MACHlNES^ 



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AGRICULTURAL HALL. 



T~^OR the accommodation of the agricultural part of the Exhibition, which, 
for obvious reasons, would not assimilate with other parts of the display, 
the construction of a separate building was considered necessary. Agricultural 
Hall is the most northern of the regular Exhibition buildings erected by the 
Centennial Board of Finance. It is north of Belmont Valley, upon ground 
which slopes gently upward toward Belmont Mansion of revolutionary 
memory. It is the least expensive of the great buildings, and yet as important 
as any for the purposes of the display. The materials are wood and glass. 
The ground-plan consists of a long nave crossed by 3 transepts, each being 
constructed of Howe truss arches of the Gothic form — a style of building which 
can be expeditiously put together and at the same time be effective in appear- 
ance. The nave is S20 feet long and 100 feet in width. Each end of the nave 
projects loo feet beyond the nearest transept. The height of the nave is 75 
feet. The central transept is 465 feet long and ico feet wide, and of the same 
height as the nave — 75 feet from the floor to the point of the arch. The area 
covered is 236,572 square feet. The north and south transepts are of the same 



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length as the centre, but they are but each So feet wide and 75 feet high. Be- 
tween the nave and the transepts are courts connected with the building, and 
adding to the space for exhibition. The ground-plan of the structure, with out- 
side spaces at the corners to be made available, may be said to be a paral- 
lelogram 465 X 626 feet, not including the nave beyond the transepts. The 
space thus covered is 7} acres. The interior is painted in light colors, and 
presents a cheerful appearance. The naves, transepts and aisles are 16 in 
number. The architect was James H. Windrim ; builder, Philip Quigley. 
Cost, 5197,000. 

The e.\terior shows ornamentation sufficient to make the edifice attractive. 
A central tower and steeple rises at the intersection of the nave and the main 
transept. The fronts of the transept and nave are each ornamented with towers 
rising to a conspicuous height. The court-spaces have Gothic fronts and are 
not of as great altitudes as the other sections, and serve to break the roof-surface 
into various heights. The building is full lighted by lantern skylights direct 
from the roof, and care has been taken to ensure good ventilation. 



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GROUND PLAN OF AGRICULTURAL HALL. 




ACKERBAU AUSSTELLS GEB 



AGRICULTURAL HALL 



GALERrE D AGRICULTURE. 






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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



T TXDER the authority of an act of Congress passed in 1S73, arrangements 
^^ were ordered to be made for the display of articles and utensils designed 
to be exhibited by the Executive Departments of the Federal government. The 
intention originally was to occupy portions of the Exhibition buildings for this 
purpose, but after consideration it became evident that it would be much better 
if the display could be made in a building entirely under control of the Board 
representing the Executive Departments, which was authorized to be appointed 
under the act. The Departments of War, Navy, Interior and Post-office, with 
the Agricultural Bureau and the Smithsonian Institute, were to be represented 
in the exhibition, which, according to the act, was intended to be of "such 
articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illus- 
trate the functions and administrative faculties of the government in time of 
peace and its resources as a war-power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the 
nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people." By 
an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1875, ^" appropriation of $505,000 was 
placed at the disposal of the Board for the arrangement of this exhibition, 
$[50,000 of which might be expended in the erection of a special building for 



the accommodation of the government collection. This structure stands at the 
intersection of Belmont and Fountain Avenues, and is in the shape of a cross, 
the short arms being those upon the north, east and'south, whilst the long por- 
tion extends to the west. The greatest length of this building is 400 feet, the 
nave being that long and 100 feet wide. The cross transept placed nearest 
the eastern end of the building is loo feet in width and 300 feet in depth. 
There are attached aisles and sections of 40x60 feet, 40x200 feet and 20x30 
feet on each side centre. Where the nave and transept unite, a cupola rises 
above the rest of the building to the height of 60 feet, surmounted by a lantern. 
The area occupied by this structure is 83,640 square feet. The building is of 
wood, with pilasters upon the outside, and is neatly painted in neutral colors, 
and decorated in the interior. Immediately north of this Hall is a small 
hospital upon the United States Army plan, modest in appearance, but yet of 
importance. The architect was James H. Windrim ; builders, Aaron Doan 
& Co. Cost of Main Government Building, §62,000. The style is simple and 
pleasing to the eye, and from a distance the proportions and outline create a 
very favorable impression. 



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VER.STAATEN AUSSTELL? GEB. U . S. G O V E R N M E N T BUILDING PAVILION DU GOUVERNMENT ETAS UNIS 



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WOMEN'S PAVILION, 



'"pHE Women's Centennial Committee have performed a noble work in aid- 
ing the great Exhibition. A very large amount of money has been raised 
through the exertions of that committee and invested in the stock of the Board 
of Finance. After matiy months of labor in that direction, the ladies interested 
desired special means of exhibiting the work of women in such manner as 
would display to advantage the industry, taste and manufacturing and artistic 
skill of the sex. For obvious reasons this object could not be effected in the 
general Exhibition Buildings so as to separate the work of women from that 
of men. It was therefore resolved by the Women's Centennial Committee to 
raise a special fund for a building of their own, which should not in any man- 
ner" interfere with the contributions devoted to the great object of the Exhibi- 
tion. Liberal responses were made to this proposition, and an amount of 
money quite sufficient for the purpose was secured with but little difficulty. 
The Women's Pavilion is situate on the east side of Belmont Avenue, oppo- 



site the United States Government Building. It is formed by two naves, each 
64 X 192 feet, which intersect each other. At the end of each of these naves is 
a porch, 8 x 32 feet. The corners formed by the two naves are filled out by 
4 pavilions, each 48 feet square. The centre of the edifice is raised 25 feet 
higher than the rest of the building, and is surmounted by an observatory with 
a cupola on top, 90 feet above the ground. The material is of wood. The in- 
terior is very attractive. Four columns which sustain the dome are the only 
incumbrances which can obstruct the view. The roof is mainly supported by 
trusses resting on the outside walls. The walls are painted with light color, 
neatly panelled with blue upon the ceilings. The panels on the side walls are 
decorated with groups allegorical of faith, hope, charity, art, labor, instruction 
and the family, from designs of Camille Pitou. The area covered by the Pavilion 
is 30,000 square feet. The architect of this fine building was H.J. Schwarzmann ; 
builders, Jacob G. Peters and John D. Burger, of Lancaster, Pa. Cost, S40,ooo- 




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DAMEN HALLE. 



WOMEN S PAVILION 



PAVILLON DES DAMES 






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JUDGES' HALL. 



A CCORDING to the plan agreed upon by the Centennial Commission, the 
magnificent collection of articles displayed at the Exhibition are to be 
subjected to the examination of 200 judges, one-half of whom are foreigners 
and one-half citizens of the United States. They are selected for their known 
qualification and character, and are experts in the departments to which they 
are respectively assigned. The judges from the United States are appointed 
by the Centennial Commission ; the foreign judges, by the Commission of each 
country. These judges examine the articles and base their awards on merit. 
In consideration of the important question, What is merit? are involved 
originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, workmanship, fitness for 
the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, economy and cost. All 
these matters are taken into consideration by the judges in making their final 
reports, which are written, and upon which the awards are to be made by the 
Centennial Commission. The Commission does not offer graded premiums. 
The medal of the Exposition will be of bronze, uniform in all cases; but the 
worth of the medal to the exhibitor will depend upon the written report of the 



judges, which will fully point o^t the merit of the object exhibited. The large 
number of judges engaged in this work, and the necessity of having some ac- 
commodation of their own for consultation and comparison, necessitated the 
erection of a building for their occupation and use. The Judges' Hall stands on 
the east side of Belmont Avenue, north of the west end of the Main Exhibition 
Building. It is handsome in exterior appearance and finely decorated in the 
interior. It is 152 feet long by 1 15 feet wide. The towers at the four corners 
of the building are each 50 feet high, and have been made very ornate. The 
woodwork on the inside is handsome. The interior is fitted up for the use of the 
judges and for meetings of committees and larger number of persons. In the 
centre is a hall for meetings, 60x80 feet. In the rear is a smaller apartment, 
60 X 26 feet, intended to be used for large committee meetings. These rooms can 
be thrown into one by taking down the partitions. There are 14 small committee- 
rooms, and in the second story a comfortable sitting-room. There is much taste 
in the construction of this Hall, which is painted upon the exterior with neutral 
colors, judiciously contrasted. Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. Cost, $30,000. 



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SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. 



C^EVERAL special industries which might have been accommodated by a 
^"'^ display of their products in the Main Exhibition Building, or of the appa- 
ratus used in the preparation of goods in Machinery Hall, could not, in the 
opinion of persons interested in such pursuits, be as well illustrated in build- 
ings for general exhibition as they would be in special enclosures which might 
answer all the purposes of great workshops, showing every process of manu- 
facture, from the incipient handling of the raw material to the finished work. 
The manufacturers of shoes and boots were of the belief that a special building 
for their own accommodation would be preferable, and in this idea they united, 
and raised means to erect the structure known as the Shoe and Leather Build- 
ing. In general character it assimilates with Machinery Hall, which it adjoins 
on the south, and of which it is considered an annex. The structure is 314 feet 
long and, 160 feet in width, and although not ornate in architecture is in 
pleasing style. The interior contains leather of all kinds — sole leather tanned 
with oak bark and with hemlock, union crop leather tanned with both sub- 
stances, and also for upper leathers kip, calf, fine morocco, cura^oa, kid, lamb 
and sheep skins. The process of leather manufacture after tanning, including 



skiving, splitting, stripping, edge-setting and burnishing', is shown. The art 
of making shoes and boots is displayed, including all varieties, from the coarse 
brogan and plough-shoe up to the most dainty lady's gaiter or slipper. The 
manufacture of leather articles, from a pocketbook to a Saratoga trunk, is 
illustrated, as is saddlemaking from horse and pig skin. A large steam-engine 
in the centre furnishes the power to run "the machinery. The manufacture of 
shoes and boots by these means is so strongly contrasted with the methods of 
the old-fashioned cordwainer, who hammered on his lapstone and drew his 
wax-ends tight, that every one visiting this building is exceedingly pleased. 
The hall is well lighted. The main aisle is 15 feet wide, two parallel aisles, 
each 10 feet, running from east to west; they are crossed by other aisles, 
making 8 main exhibition spaces. Stairways lead to the second floor, which 
is divided into rooms at each end, and galleries on the north and south, 8 feet 
wide by 112 feet in length. The roof construction is divided on the cross-sec- 
tions into an So feet span circular truss, and 16 and 24 feet sections, which are 
triangular in shape. The architect was Alexander B. Bary of Philadelphia ; 
builders, J. H. Coffrode & Co. Cost, $31,000. 



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SCHUH i lEDER FABRIK. 



SHOE & LEATHER BUILDING. 



EXPOSITON DE CHAUSSURES ET DES CUIRS. 



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CARRIAGE EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



'"P'HIS spacious hall may be considered an annex of the iVIain Exhibition 
Building, in which the area was so greatly taken up by fine goods that it 
was thought that vehicles would not meet with proper attention. The Carriage 
Building is immediately east of Memorial Hall, and would anywhere else than 
in the Centennial grounds be considered a large structure. In shape it is a 
parallelogram, 393 feet long by 277 feet wide. It is constructed of wood 
sheathed on the outside with corrugated iron. It is of the height of a single 
story, but from the floor to the roof is 36 feet. A hip-roof rises from the walls, 
which are 24 feet in height, and in this there are five skylights which run the 



entire length of the building and furnish ample light to the interior. This 
necessity is further assisted by a large number of windows, each 14 feet in 
height, upon the sides of the building. There are 4 large entrances, with 
offices annexed, and a number of smaller ones. The floor space is 100,000 
square feet, and the interior is occupied by specimens of light and heavy 
coaches, fancy wagons and pleasure-carriages, fashionable vehicles, sleighs, 
omnibuses and railway-cars sent from Great Britain, Canada, Germany, 
Austria, Belgium, Italy, France and the United States. The architect was 
H. J. Schwarzmann. 



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KUTSCHEN AUSSTELLUNG. 



EXPOSICION DEVEHICUL03 



EXPOSITION OES CARROSSES. 



CARRIAGE EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



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PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



fn^^HIS structure was specially prepared for the exhibition of photographs, 
for which there was no room in the Art Gallery. It stands east of 
Memorial Hall, and north of the Main Exhibition Building. It is 25S feet in 
length by 107 feet in width. The style is French Renaissance. The monotony 
of length is broken by bay-windows and porticoes. The height of the gallery 
is one story, but the interior is lofty. The space for exhibition is divided by 
2S hanging screens, 4 of which, in the centre, are 19 feet long, and the others 
24 feet long each. They stand 16 feet apart, and are J-shaped, admirably 
lighted and useful for display. The smaller screens each furnish a hanging- 
space of 190 square feet. The larger ones make forty-eight spaces, each of 
which has an area of 240 square feet. The walls of the building add 5320 feet 
more to the object of the professional display. Altogether, the screens and 
walls furnish 19,080 feet of available hanging-space, no picture to hang lower 
than 22 feet from the floor. The exhibition of actinic pictures is very fine, and 
when contrasted in memor)' with the first results of the discoveries of Daguerre 
and the productions of the Talbotype show immense progress in this branch 
of artistic science. Photography has by many been considered an automatic 
process in which chemical action prevails throughout, from the preparation of 



the plate and the direct interposition of the rays of the sun, the formation of the 
image, the securing of the fugitive impression upon the plate, the transfer to the 
sensitive paper, and the fixing of the impression and further processes until it 
is presented with finished effect. Chemistry plays the principal part in this 
wonderful drama; but it is like every other drama, which, however finely 
written, loses the greater part of its impression if the parts are played by poor 
actors. Knowledge, study, practical experience, and, beyond all, good taste, 
are necessary to the photographer ; and how requisite these qualities are is 
shown by the varieties of pictures in this exhibition. They are all fine, but 
there are some which attract the attention of even uninstructed spectators. 
Germany, Austria, England, France and the United States furnish the col- 
lection, and many of the pieces are of the highest degree of interest. 
Members of the Photographic profession throughout the United States joined 
in the movement which led to the construction of this building, and it has 
been erected at their expense. Cost, $26,000. Materials, iron, brick, glass 
and bronze. The roof is composed entirely of glass, so that the light thrown 
upon the pictures is clear and soft, bringing out the most delicate details and 
effects. 



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PHOTOGRAPHIEN AUSSTELLUNG. 



EXPOSICION DEFOTOGRAFIAS 



EXPOSITION DE PHOTOGRAPHIES. 



PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



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POMOLOGICAL BUILDING. 



EAST of the northern section of Agricultural Hall, and south of the 
Brewers' Building, stands the annex for the exhibition of fruits. It is one 
of the many structures upon the ground which is to be used occasionally, and 
may at various periods during the Exhibition season be entirely empty. It is 
temporary in its character, and therefore is plainly constructed, without 
any effort at ornamentation. The attention which has been given to the 
building is such as will facilitate the principal object for which it was con- 
structed — utility — perfect adaptation to the purpose being the only matter of 
study. The Pomological Building ranges from east to west, and is in dimen- 
sions iSox 200 feet. The exterior at the east and west ends shows a series of 
four shed roofs and four gables, between which are aisles extending the whole 
length of the building from east to west. The walls rise from the ground to within 
a convenient distance of the roof, from which extend sashes continuous on all 
sides of the building, which throw in light and can be arranged for ventilation. 
The main sections peer lantern-like above the aisles, and are also supplied with 
side-lights, so that the interior is bright and cheerful, and the best opportunities 
are given for seeing everything which forms the subject of display. There are 
four main avenues and five aisles extending the full length of the building, 
intersected by five cross-aisles. In the centre of these passages are placed the 



tables, four in each row, with tables at the side-rows and ends of the building, 
making fifty-two without counting the tables around the four sides of the apart- 
ment. These tables are made to show fruit to advantage, with shelves in the 
fashion of truncated pyramids. The roof is supported by plain joists and 
girders, arranged without display of ornamentation for purposes of utility only. 
The avenues are about 6 feet in width. Light and air are abundant. The in- 
terior is painted white, which renders the appearance of the grand hall cheerful 
and attractive for the purposes designed. The main entrances are in the 
centre, on each side, having Gothic doorways. In this building, during the 
season, will be held at different times exhibitions of fresh American fruits par- 
ticularly, as they appear when plucked before decay sets in. The programnie 
embraces special exhibitions of strawberries, blackberries, raspberries and other 
small fruits. The melon, the citron and the cantaloupe will be duly honored. 
The peach will be displayed in its luscious beauty, In the autumn the pear 
and the apple, the plum and the grape, will be shown in every variety, fresh 
and luxuriant. The arrangement will relieve Agricullural Hall from what 
might be at times an inconvenience ; and for the accommodation of visitors 
or persons disposed to' examine for themselves, the Pomological Building has 
special claims. 



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OBSTAUSTELLUNGS GEB. 



EDIFICIO POMOLOGtCO. 



PAVILLON POUR LXXPOSITION QES FRUITS. 



POMOLOCrCAL BUILDING. 



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BREWERS' BUILDING. 



As an annex to Agricultural Hall the brewers of the United States have 
erected at a cost of $20,000 a special establishment designed to illustrate 
the mysteries of their ancient art. The building is 96 feet in width by 272 feet 
in length. It is two stories in height, has a main front which stands out from 
the centre of the hall and presents a pleasing feature. A square tower rises 
from the roof and throws light into the interior. Tlie design is plain and sub- 
stantial, as is consonant with the idea of a brewery — a style of structure toward 
the decoration of which architectural elegance has not been specially directed. 
Over the main southern entrance is a large statue of the jolly King Gambrinus, 
whose memory as the inventor of lager beer is held in high respect by every 
Teuton. The second roof, at its rise, displays a beer barrel of heroic size, 
which is decorated with flags of all the nations which indulge in malt liquors, 
which, in short, may be said to be all the nations of the world. Other entrances 
bear as trophies the implements of the trade adjunct to the preparation and 
production of ale, beer and porter. Over the eastern entrance-door, in the 
interior, is a great trophy, in the centre of which is a medallion which bears 
this inscription : 

IN THE YEAR IS63, 1,558,083 BARRELS OF BEER WERE BREWED IN THE UNITED 

STATES; IN 1875, 8,743,744 BARRELS WERE PRODUCED FROM MALT 

LIQUORS, ON WHICH A TAX WAS PAID OF $9,144,004. 

This is a practical way of presenting concise facts >vhich show the pro- 



digious growth of the business. Upon the walls of the interior, conspicuously 
displayed, are inscriptions in English and German, embodying sentiments 
appropriate to the trade. The centre room is to the roof S5 feet high. There 
are four other rooms, each 45 feet to the top. Adjacent is an ice-house, with 
separate compartments for ale and beer, regulated according to necessity of 
temperature, and a testing-room. It is in the interior that the Brewers' Building 
expects to present the most interesting subjects to the visitor. Even in the 
brew-house it is possible to be historical ; and the brewers offer to the atten- 
tion of their guests a model of the brew-house of a hundred years ago, which 
differed very little from the brew-house of a century earlier, and which is 
contrasted with the brewery of the present day. One may learn here how 
William Penn, who was no total abstinence man, but was much interested in 
the b!;ewery and the vineyard, built his brew-house at his manor of Penns- 
bury about 1683. In those days they had time, the grain being plentiful and 
the demand limited, to patiently prepare a good beverage. But at this era the 
great demand for malt liquors makes it necessary for the brewer to hurry up 
his product. The design of this establishment is to show how by improved 
processes and machinery the art of brewing can be accelerated with perfect 
honesty without the necessity of adulteration, so as to produce a pure liquor. 
Samples of the finest ales, beer, porter and brown stout made in this country 
and Europe are also shown, and the result is general gratification to visitors. 
Builder, James B. Doyle. 



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BRAUEREi. BREWERS BUILDING. 



BRASSERIE. 



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AMERICAN DAIRYMEN'S (BUTTER AND CHEESE) BUILDING. 



BUTTER and cheese, until within a few years, were in this country what 
might be called individual products — that is, they were manufactured by 
farmers, each for himself, upon his own premises, and in his own way. The 
preparation of these substances was a daily occupation — as much so as cooking 
or feeding stock. The result has always been peculiar differences in the 
quality of butter and the consistency of cheese, dependent upon the skill and 
care of those who had charge of the dairy. The idt^a of utilizing the milk 
product and its manufacture, so as to produce the uniformity and excellence 
which are to be obtained by association, specific method and scientific 
processes best attainable under the control of corporations, is a modern one, 
and may be said to be entirely American. The co-operation of the various 
companies engaged in this manufacture has resulted in the construction of 
the American Dairymen's Association Building in the Centennial grounds. 
Whilst the structure is well adapted for the purpose designed and is of pleas- 
ing appearance, utility has been studied, so* as to ensure the desired effect 
without extravagant outlay. The improved butter and cheese building stands 
a little east of Agricultural Hall and overhangs Belmont valley. It consists 
of amain building no feet in length and 36 in width, with two wings each 
80x32 feet, extending eastward from the main structure. A piazza S feet in width 
surrounds three sides of the building. The factory is two stones in height, with 
attics. The roof is steep pitched, and a square tower rises in the centre at the 
intersection of the main building and wings. The exterior is painted in light 
colors, and presents a pleasing appearance. The cost of this building was 
$20,000. The interior is fitted up principally for purposes of exhibition, but 



also to illustrate practically the process by which the benevolent lacteal con- 
tributions of the placid cow are transmuted into the unctuous composition or 
transformed into the more solid and substantial edible. The most modern 
processes used in this manufacture are here displayed as in a practical working 
dairy. The raising of the cream, the churning of the butter, the solidification 
of the cheese, and all the processes attending the business, are displayed with 
the apparatus— churns, vats, presses, pools and other utensils. The butter-room 
is a great refrigerator, cool and admirably adapted to keep the special article 
of interest firm and sweet. All these processes are open to the examination 
of the visitor through a glass partition, which extends along one side of the 
hall and affords him a full view of the manner in which the labor is 
conducted. For exhibition the cheese- and butter-rooms furnish samples 
from more than 2000 American dairies and factories, demonstrating the magni- 
tude and importance of this interest and showing the superiority of the method 
of operation. The articles exhibited, being perishable, are constantly changed, 
the butter and cheese being sold and disposed of and new samples brought in. 
The design seems to be to make this building something like an exchange, 
which will be of benefit to the dairymen of the country and serve to con- 
vince foreigners of the value of the business. The butter trade of the 
United States is increasing rapidly. In the fiscal year of 1874-5 ^^^ exports 
of butter amounted to 4,150,000 pounds. The value of the entire butter 
product of the country has been estimated at $420,600,000. The current pro- 
duction of cheese is estimated at about 300,000,000 pounds. American cheese 
is now a valuable export which finds ready sale in Europe. 



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BUTTER SiKASE FABRIK. 



EDIFICIO DEMANTE9U1LLA Y CUESO 



FABRICATION OU BEURE ET DU FORMAGE. 



BUTTER StCHEESE FACTORY. 



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HOUSE OF PUBLIC COMFORT. 



'"T^HE thoughtful attention which the Centennial authorities have given to 
the subjects entrusted to them cannot be more remarkably shown than in 
the circumstances connected with the erection of the House of Public Comfort. 
The proper ordering of the sizes, shapes and objects of the Exhibition Build- 
ings is within the ordinary and expected jurisdiction of the managers, but 
the Department of Public Comfort might never have been originated, and no 
visitor or exhibitor would have thought of the necessity of anything of the 
kind. Yet to the stranger who learns that there is such an establishment 
scarcely any other information could be more welcome. The House of Public 
Comfort is a place where every one will find the means of individual accom- 
modation. It is furnished with wash-rooms for ladies and gentlemen, recep- 
tion-rooms, parlors and resting-places, hair-dressing and barber shops and 
baths, boot-blacking and brushing conveniences, rooms and desks for writing, 
with paper and postage stamps, newspaper and magazine stands. It receives, 
keeps and restores portmanteaus, packages, bundles and lunch-baskets. Ittakes 
care of umbrellas and furnishes them for use in case of sudden rain. It is 
supplied with messenger-boys and has connection with the telegraph. It may 
be a place of reunion for visitors who wish to go different ways. To crown all, 



it will furnish the weary traveler with lunch and refreshments. There is 
scarcely a want which a visitor to the Exhibition may have that cannot be ac- 
commodated at this Comfort House ; and as the idea of the establishment did 
not arise from private speculation, but was really an object of the Commission 
for the relief of visitors, the official management deserves thanks for the origi- 
nation of such a happy idea. The House of Public Comfort occupies a solid 
square of ground loox loo feet. The front shows a central building of two 
stories in height, the upper one being a roofed gallery, affording shade and a 
fine view of the busy scenes on the Cen-tennlal grounds. A little square steeple 
with pointed roof adjoins it. The main building is united by wings on the east 
and west to two side buildings. That upon the east is occupied by the general 
telegraph department and the American District Telegraph. The western 
section is occupied as an office of the U. S. Centennial Commission. Those 
who understand, know that the House of Public Comfort is one of the most 
useful on the grounds, and that the title is no misnomer. The builders were 
Balderston and Hutton of Philadelphia, by special contract with the Centennial 
Commission. The establishment is under the superintendence of W. Marsh 
Kasson. 



15 



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DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC COMFORT. 

DEPARTMEMTZUR BEIJU EMLICHKEITDES PUBLIKUMS. PAVILION POUR LES BESOINS PUBUCS.TELEGRAPHIE&c. 



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PENNSYLVANIA' EDUCATIONAL BUILDING. 



/~\CTAGOXAL in shape of ihe main walls, the lantern and the cupola, the 



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severe mathematical character of the ground plan of the Pennsylvania 



Educational Building is broken by annexes on the north and south of one 
story in height, which serve useful purposes and render the appearance of the 
building more pleasing than it would be if the strict form was adhered to. In 
di.imeter this structure is one hundred feet. The annexes are 19x44 feet. 
The unbroken walls of the main building rise to some distance above the 
foundation, from which point windows extend up to the cornice and throw light 
into the interior from every side. The central h.iU is lighted from the lantern 
in the same manner, and a cupola tasteful in proportion and appearance sur- 
mounts the whole. The plan of the building ensures good ventilation by ad- 
justable sashes, and the interior is bright and attractive. The exterior is 
painted neatly in colors which agree harmoniously even in their contrasts. 
The building stands north of the Carriage Building, east of Belmont Avenue 
near the Lansdowne drive, and is not far from the Swedish school-house. The 
difference between the two is that, whilst the foreign structure shows the manner 
in which the Swedish children are accommodated at the present time, the 
Pennsylvania hall does not give any idea of the shape or appearance of the 
Pennsylvania school-house. It is an exhibition room in which, as in the foreign 



example, the manner of education is shown in the matters for examination, but 
the display has not the practical appearance which is attached to the idea of a 
temple of primary education. Everything connected with the plans of general 
instruction is here properly shown. The road to knowledge may be followed 
from the alphabetical card and primer by the stations where spelling-books, 
grammars, geographies and arithmetical treatises are placed, up to the stop- 
ping-places of history, language, science and art. From the Kindergarten 
to the college the entire course of instruction may be traced, and in every 
practical necessity the collection is complete. There are maps, drawings, 
illustrations and all the apparatus of the school, which are arranged with 
systematic regularity, so that every one disposed to study this most interesting 
subject will find the method easy. The erection of this building is due to the 
efforts of the Pennsylvania Teachers' Institute, and to the great interest and 
earnestness of Professor J. B. Wickersham, the superintendent of education of 
the State of Pennsylvania. The Legislature gave $15,000 toward the cost of 
the building; the Teachers' Institute subscribed S5000. The latter has fitted 
up a room in the western end of the building at a cost of over $1000 for meet- 
ings and a general reception-room for visitors. The builders were Peters cS: 
Burger, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 



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ST. GEORGE'S HOUSE (ENGLISH COMMISSION BUILDINGS). 



A MONG the most attractive features of the grounds are the three buildings 
"^^ -erected by the English Commission. St. George's House, the largest 
and most elaborate, is used for the offices of the English Commissioners, 
which are south of State Avenue and adjoining the New York Building. One 
of the others is in use as a kitchen, and the third is occupied by the English 
police. This group of buildings represents in a very picturesque manner the 
old half-timber houses of two centuries ago, many of which yet remain near 
Chester and in other parts of England. The main structure covers a space of 
93x68 feet, with projections. The exterior is indescribable with any degree 
of minuteness. It is composed of gables, projecting, bay and oriel windows, 
verandas and balconies, and defies that sort of taste which sees beauty only 
in straight lines. There are projections and recesses, porches and other ar- 
rangements, all of which to the American eye appear inexpressibly odd. The 



chimneys are broad and massive ; the roof covered with red earthenware tiles ; 
the windows, which are numerous, are composed of very small panes of glass 
set in leaden sashes. Outside, the house appears to be all window and gable ; 
inside, there are several rooms finely finished in carved oak, which open into 
one another, and which connect with the main hall, stairways and corridors. 
The high mantelpieces are of carved wood bordered with painted and enameled 
tiles. The hearths and the floors are tiled ; and the interior is so unlike any- 
thing that we have in this country that inspection of it reveals an interesting 
curiosity. The staff building is 65 :< 35. The kitchen building is 60 >■■ 20. The 
architect' was Thomas Harris of London; builder, John Rice, under the im- 
mediate supervision of J. H. Cundall, C. E., the engineer of the Commission. 
The interior is furnished with appropriate old-fashioned English furniture, 
under the direction of Mr. Cooper, of London. 



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ENGL COMMISSION. E N G LI SH C O M M I SS I ON BUILDING. 



COMMISSION ANGLAISE. 



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FRENCH GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



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'"T^HE Revolutionary ally of the struggling American States was rather slow 
in acceding to the idea of a participation in the Centennial Exposition. 
The cause may be ascribed to the half-hearted way in which Mr. Secretary- 
Fish invited the attention of foreign governments to the display. For some 
time it was doubtful whether France took any interest in the Exhibition. When 
that government did come in, the delay was such as to affect all the prepara- 
tions. When the Exhibition opened on May lo, the French department was 
behind those of other nations, and the special French buildings were scarcely 
commenced, the principal one, indeed, having met with misfortune in a high 
wind during the latter part of April. France is now represented by three 
buildings. The principal one may be said to be unexpectedly plain in appear- 
ance, presenting scarcely anything in the way of architectural elaboration 
beyond -the most ordinary structure. The walls are of brick which is not of 
near as fine quaUty as the ordinary brick used in dwellings in Philadelphia. 
A slight attempt at ornament is made by interspersing through the walls black- 
headed bricks in crosses and diamond figures — a style of ornamentation 
common in the early brick edifices built in Philadelphia between Penn's 
settlement and 1719-20. The roof is gabled, of moderate pitch, the cornice 
of galvanized iron, and pilasters of that metal are placed on the outside walls. 



The sides of the doorways are bordered with blue, black and white tiles which 
were brought from France. The arrangement strikes the spectator as peculiar, 
although, perhaps, he will not insist that it is beautiful. The large doors are of 
iron. The greater portion of the roof is of glass, which throws a strong light 
into the interior. The size. of the building is 90 x 45 feet ; height 30 feet. Archi- 
tect and engineer, M. Lavonie. Builder, M. D'Hevigny. The object of this 
particular structure is the display of models of railroads, bridges, fortresses, 
depots, factories and public works. The situation is east of the annex to the 
Art Gallery, upon Lansdowne drive. The greater proportion of the materials 
came from France, and the building was erected by French workmen. Near 
by this Public Works building is the headquarters of the French commission 
in a pavilion 20x53 feet, which is noticeable from the stained glass which 
ornaments it. Another pavilion in the vicinity is constructed entirely of zinc. 
It is an octagon 24 feet in diameter, with an adjoining rectangular wing 27 feet 
long. This structure is intended for the exhibition of articles made of zinc. 
The French Ceramic Pavilion, for the display of pottery, tiles and bronzes, is 
near the Moorish villa, which is on the .north side of Lansdowne drive and 
north of the Swedish school-house. It is built of iron and tiles. The contents 
show the skill of French artists in fine china vases and earthenware. 



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FRANZOSISCHE COMMISSION. 



EDIrlCIO QELACOMISION FRANCESA. 



COMMISSION FRANCAISE. 



FRENCH COMMISSION BUILDING. 



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GERMAN GOVERNMENT PAVILION. 



T X THILST the ^reat majority of the structures erected by the foreign 
* " governments and the States of the Union upon the Centennial grounds 
are of wood, Germany has resolved to be distinguished by a structure solid and 
strong, analogous, as an architectural idea, to the plain and practical character 
of the people of the German nation. This building is of brick, rough-cast and 
plastered, situate on Lansdowne Drive, near the east side of Belmont Avenue, 
S3 feet in length by 42 in breadth, and is finished in the Italian Renaissance 
style, being principally noticeable upon account of the portico, which is spa- 
cious and handsome. The approach to this grand feature of the edifice is by 
broad steps, which lead, with balustrade, to the principal entrance. The m.ain 
passage leads into a hall, which is finished in stucco-work, the walls and ceil- 
ings adorned with fresco paintings. The officers of the commission occupy the 
rooms upon one side of the hall, and upon the other side are reception-rooms 
for ladies and gentlemen. The roof of the main building is quadrangular in | 



shape, rises gently to a small central space, from which towers the flagstaff. 
The main hall is 32 feet square ; the ceiling is 34 feet from the floor. The 
imperial arms of the German empire are frescoed in the centre. The black 
eagle is presented with outstretched wings, in which the feathers are separated 
with bizarre taste, and the tail is eked out with the collar and cross of an 
order of nobility. The claws, red and strong, are suggestive of power for 
attack or defence. Upon the breast is the shield of the Hofienzollerns, 
charged with a duplicate eagle grasping the globe and sceptre and bearing 
the white and black quarterings of the Imperial House. The four corners 
of the ceiling are embellished with emblematical designs, interspersed with 
garlands and floral decorations, Cupids and figures in a high style of elabo- 
rate painting. A building adjoining the main structure is occupied by 
German exhibitors for the purpose of displaying the quality of their native 
wines. 



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DEUTSCHE COMMISSION. 



EOiriCIO DE LA COMISION ALEMANA 



COMMISSION ALLEMANDE. 



GERMAN COWM ISSION BUILDING. 



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BRAZILIAN PAVILION. 



'~pHE empire of Brazil is distinguished by the taste which is manifest in 
arranging the details connected with the participation of the government 
of that country in the Exhibition. The Pavilion of Brazil is situate upon a 
gentle wooded elevation or knoll of ground rising near the head of the Lans- 
downe Ravine and east of the German Building. The situation is one of the 
most attractive on the grounds, and the edifice is worthy of its position. The 
ground-plan is octagonal in form ; but the porches and bay-windows — the lat- 
ter extending out on all sides of the building except the front — break up the 
mathematical exactness which otherwise would be apparent. The style is 
light and graceful. The pavilion has an airy appearance which is pleasing to 
every beholder. The porch in front is sufficiently spacious to ensure shade 
and good ventilation for the interior, and the roof makes a very attractive bal- 
cony and promenade. The exterior shows pleasing combinations of colors, 



in which brown, yellow and red are harmoniously contrasted, the orna- 
mentation of the scroll-work being very elaborate. The interior is about 70 
feet in diameter. A large hall runs through the building from the door- 
way. On each side of the hall are two rooms, one opening to the front and 
the other to the rear. Stairways lead from the farther end of the hall into 
the turret-room above and to the balcony. The turret is divided into four 
rooms, each containing three windows and communicating with the balcony, 
thus ensuring light, access to a handsome promenade and a view of the 
Park in fine weather. The turret is surmounted by a finial of classic pro- 
portion. The walls of the interior rooms are covered with gold paper veined 
with flowers and vines. The furniture is plain, but in good taste. Im- 
mediately around the building the enclosure is neatly laid out and planted 
v.'ith Brazilian plants. 







BRASILIANISCHE COMMISSION, 



EDinClO DELA COMISION BRASILENA 



COMMISSION DU BRESIL. 



BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONERS BUILDING. 



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SPANISH GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 



O PAIN prepared for the use of her commissioners and servants an octagonal 
^""^ building somewhat in the lantern style, with but small decoration, and not 
of a character to attract particular attention. The hasty visitor to the grounds 
might pass it by as of no more claim than many which are near ; but it needs 
nothing more than that a little attention shall be paid to the structure to dis- 
cover that it is a very neat architectural example. The Moorish doorway may 
be called plain, but it is in strict subordination to the rules which govern in 
that fantastic style, lacking only elaboration of ornament which shows in the 
Alhambra and other ancient remains which certify to the Moorish domination 
in Spain. The windows are Mauresque. The appropriate decorations at the 
eaves of the first story are of zinc, from designs by Mueller, who has prepared 
also the coat-of-arms which surmounts the doorway. The upper lantern is 
lighted from all sides, and the finish is in harmony with the general style. 
The flag of Spain floats over all. This structure is occupied by a detachment 
of Spanish engineer soldiers, consisting of a lieutenant, sergeant, corporal and 
twenty privates. The interior arrangements are those of a barrack, and the 



pavilion is under strict military discipline. After the original structure was 
finished, an arcade was constructed near the principal building, in the Moorish 
style ; it is small, but much more showy in the details than the principal head- 
quarters. This construction is used for a dining-room, offices and wash-rooms. 
At a still later period a large structure was erected adjoining, for the use of the 
commission. This is a parallelogram, high, airy and well lighted. It will not 
compare in richness of style with the octagon or arcade ; but it is a sensible, 
substantial affair, and is in a position wherein a pleasant view of the grounds 
and coolness — the situation being most inviting to the breeze — are objects 
always "to be attained. The commissioners have their official residence in 
this additional building, which is fitted up with every convenience for the 
discharge of their business duties in a manner satisfactory to Spaniards as 
well as of Americans who wait upon them. The octagon is 50 feet in 
diameter, and the larger structure 80 >- 100 feet. The Spanish buildings are 
upon the Avenue of the Republic, adjoining on the west the buildings of 
West Virginia. 



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SPANISCHES STAATS GEB, 



SPANISH BUILDING. 



PAVILION DE L'ESPAGNE. 



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THE JAPANESE DWELLING. 






^ I ^HIS house, during its erection, created more curiosity and attracted in- 
finitely more visitors than any other building on the grounds. It was 
erected by native Japanese workmen, with materials brought from home, and 
built in their own manner with curious tools and yet more curious manual 
processes. In fact, the whole work seemed to be executed upon exactly re- 
verse methods of carpentering to those in use in this country. The building 
is situate west of the British Buildings. It was put together without the use of 
iron. The different parts were mortised, beveled, dovetailed and joined, and 
where it was necessary to use any other fastenings wooden pins were employed. 
The woods are of fine grain, carefully planed and finished, and the house, 
which is the best-built structure on the Centennial grounds, was as nicely put 
together as a piece of cabinet-work. The lower story of the outside is sur- 
rounded by wooden lattice-work, which slides backward and forward, and opens 
or closes the prospect from the windows of the interior, which are at some little 
distance within. The second story has solid wooden movable panels on the 
outside, which may be opened for air or light, or which may be entirely closed 



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in storms or when the sunlight is too strong. The roof is covered with heavy 
black eardien tiles, which were laid upon a sort of colored mortar; these tiles 
are ornamented at the edge of the roof by being painted white. The doorway, 
surmounted by a porch, is not in the centre of the front, but on one side ; it is 
very carefully ornamented in the prevailing style of the rest of the building. 
Immediately over the entrance step, under the pediment, is an exceedingly 
fine specimen of carving in wood, with fiowers, birds and other objects. Two 
wings extend northward from the main portion of the dwelling, enclosing a 
courtyard, which is fenced in, ensuring privacy. This unique building is one 
of the most noted curiosities of the Exhibition. It is occupied as a dwelling by 
several Japanese exhibitors. In style, ornamentation and care of construction 
it is far superior to the Japanese chop-house, 100x20 feet, with a wing on 
each side, 45 feet long, which is north of the House of Public Comfort. The 
interior of the dwelling is covered with costly carpets of odd design. The walls 
are hung with curtains of vegetable fibre, which keep out the sun, but admit 
the air. 



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JAPANESISCHES WOHNHAUS. 



JAPANESE DWELLING 



PAVILLON DU JAPON. 



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SWEDISH SCHOOL-HOUSE. 



'T^'HIS notable structure is situate east of Belmont Avenue and north of the 
west end of the Main Building. Sweden is represented upon the grounds 
by no other building than this, and nothing could be better designed to give 
an idea of the good sense and taste of the people of that country. The school- 
house was prepared in Sweden and sent over in sections, accurately arranged 
and easily put together. The material is of wood, which has been oiled and 
polished, and, so far as can be seen, has been put together without the use 
of a nail or screw. The boards are beveled, so that no seams are visible. The 
doorways and window-frames are unique in pattern and appearance, and the 
overhanging roof gives a quaint and old-fashioned aspect to tire house. The 



principal entrance is by a porch on the west side, a doorway and entry being 
opposite, on the eastern side. The interior is fitted with school-furniture and 
other accessories, which will show the system of instruction adopted in the old 
country, and the accommodations which are given to teachers and pupils. Con- 
nected with this building, and immediately adjoining it on the east, is a small 
wooden structure which contains intricate and delicate machinery belonging 
to Thevrell's printing meteorograph, which registers inside of the schoolhouse 
in automatic precision the passage of time, the velocity and direction of the 
wind, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. These details show 
how the Swedish "Frobs." makes up his prognostications. 



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SCHWEDISCBES SCHULHAUS. 



EDIFICIO DE ESCUELA DESUECIA 



ECOLE SUEQOISE. 



SWEDISH SCHOOL HOUSE, 



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CANADIAN LOG HOUSE. 



WRITERS upon the theory of architecture who are ambitious to go back 
to the very beginning, say that men were taught the art of building 
by observing the operations of Nature. Thus, from the cave, supposed to be 
the earliest dweUing-place after our parents were driven from Eden, came, it is 
said, the Egyptian styles which commenced with entrances to caves and ex- 
tended to buildings above ground, fashioned after the first forms. The forest, 
with its stately trunks of trees, suggested the Grecian colonnade ; the branches 
which met overhead in the deep recesses of the woods are said to have given 
to mankind the idea of the Gothic arch. Whoever is disposed to follow out 
this fanciful philosophy will find it illustrated in the Canadian Log House, so 
called. The magnificent portico of the Parthenon may be imagined to have 
been the perfection of an arrangement of trunks of trees Hke that which forms 
the exterior of this fabric. All that is necessary is to extend the size of the 
building, substitute for the huge trunks with the natural bark upon them which 
form the colonnade, stone for wood, and patient workmanship and carving, and 
the idea is completely realized. There are few who would discover the exer- 
cise of aesthetic beauty in a lumber-yard, or imagine that, by the piling up of 
rough boards and taste in the arrangement, something like a structure might 
be made which would attract general attention ; and yet the Canadian Log 
House is scarcely more than a timber display. The material, except in the 
portico, is composed of the same sort of boards as may be used in any structure 
or article which is ordinarily made of wood. The boards are piled as they are 
while undergoing the process of seasoning, each plank being separated from its 



neighbor by small blocks, between which is ensured the necessary circulation 
of air for the drying of the timber. It is the manner in -which the wood is 
arranged that makes of this mere board-pile a structure unique and attractive 
to the spectator. Six pillars, which are trunks of huge trees, are upon the east 
and west sides, and on the north and south two extra pillars of the same cha- 
racter make with the corner columns a portico of four. These fine specimens 
of the Canadian forest are not decorated with capitals, but between them a 
light lattice-work extends, which relieves the eye and draws attention from 
the unfinished character of the upper portion of the column. The pillars sup- 
port a roof of rough planks laid upon each other, in the centre of which rises, 
by an arrangement of boards piled on boards, a cupola Gothic in style, sur- 
mounted by a flagstaff displaying a flag. In the interior two finished columns 
of ash help to support the roof Loose boards piled in such manner as to open 
a doorway from side to side make also a stairway leading to the cupola. The 
principal trophy of the building is a section of white pine cut from a 38-feet log 
taken from a tree which was 303 feet in height. The inscription on it avers 
that the tree was 664 years old when taken down. This is, of course, a matter 
of estimate assumed by counting the rings in the wood. At all events, the tree 
must have been very old, as the diameter of the trunk is at least 8 feet. Various 
specimens of Canadian woods are arranged in other parts of this rude temple, 
showing abundance of forest wealth in the Dominion, and rendering a solution 
of the building problem easy. The size of the house is about 60x40 feet, and 
it is situate south-east of the British buildings and nearly adjoining to them. 



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CANADISCHES BLOCKHAUS. 



MADEIRAS DEL CANADA. 



EXPOSITION DES BOIS DU CANADA. 



CANADA LOG HOUSE. 



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NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE BUILDING. 



L "'AST of the Connecticut Building' on State Avenue, with the pavilion of Mich- 
igan as a neighbor on the other side, are the accommodations furnished 
for the use of its citizens by the State of New Hampshire. The situation is 
north-east of the villa of the State of New York. For the purposes of this 
structure a space of ground is dedicated 50 >. 50 feet. The style is plain, repre- 
senting the half-timbered American house, the framework standing out from 
the weather-boarding, the bracings running at right angles with each other or 
diagonal. The building is two stories in height, the front gable flattened off 
near the peak ; on the east and west sides three sharply-pitched gables rise above 
the windows. The first story has at the north end, extending east and west, a 
one-story extension or office, connecting with the piazza, supported by plain 
open columns, which extends upon three sides of the building. The entrance is 
by a low flight of steps, which lead through a broad door to the interior. This 
is fitted up in good style, but not extravagantly, comfort evidently being a more 
desirable object than show. There is a parlor for ladies, a reception-room for 



gentlemen, with apartments adjoining for toilette and other purposes. The 
' second story is divided into several apartments for the convenience of the 
commission. Exceeding simplicity seems to have governed in the arrange- 
ments. The interior, unplastered, showing the wood of the weather-boarding 
or wainscoting, has a plain and rough appearance, which is in contrast with 
the usual style of fitting up of neighboring buildings. The dark woods do not 
woo the light, but seem to invite shade and coolness. The quadrangular 
stairway in the reception-room opens at the back, instead of at the front, as is 
most usual in American house's. This square approach to the second story in 
the centre of the building renders possible an arrangement of apartments up 
stairs which is unlike the general style in this country. There are other pecu- 
liarities about the place which elicit general attention. Natives of New Hamp- 
shire who resort to this edifice are received with great cordiality, made 
comfortable by the representatives of the State, and go away well satisfied 
with the character of the accommodations which have been prepared. 



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NEW HAMPSHIRE STAATS GEB. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE BUILDING. pavillon ou new Hampshire 



MASSACHUSETTS STATE BUILDING. 



OOMEWHAT sombre in appearance, quaint and old-fashioned in style, the 
*^-^ addilion of the central cupola seems to be all that would distinguish the 
building of the Bay State from one of those practical, comfortable houses 
which are still to be met with in the neighborhood of Cape Cod and in other 
parts of Massachusetts. It is situate on the north side of State Avenue, oppo- 
site the building of the State of New York. It is in the style of the colonial 
times. The front has an overhanging roof, and in the gable is a square oriel 
window for the garret, which rises from a larger and deeper square oriel win- 
dow for the second story, whilst beneath is an old-fashioned porch. The 
ground-plan is cruciform. On each side of the front is a one-story structure 
analogous to the New England kitchen or the "keeping-room." Piazzas extend 
in front and on the sides of these wings. The chimneys are heavy and large 



and broad. The central tower and lookout seem to come from one of the sea- 
shore hotels which are now to be found on the New England coast. The size 
of the Massachusetts Building is 95 x 70 feet. The wings on each side, one 
story high, are each 26x60 feet. The audience-room, laid with red and black 
tiles, is 31 — 6 feet by 37—6 feet, and has an open timber ceiling. A room for 
the State Commission, 26x21, and a room for the press, are on the same floor; 
also a large manager's room, reception-rooms, etc. There are eleven chambers 
in the second story. The ridge-pole of the pitched roof is 50 feet from the 
ground, and the central tower rises 25 feet above it. In interior arrangement 
and thoughtful tidaptation for the purposes intended, this is one of the best 
planned houses on the grounds. A practical object is demonstrated in the ar- 
rangements, which show good sense and ability. 



26 



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MASSACHUSETTS STAATS GEB. 



PASELLON DE MASSAQHUSETTS. 



PAVILLION DU MASSACHUSETTS. 



MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING. 



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CONNECTICUT STATE BUILDING. 



/''CONNECTICUT is housed on the north side of State Avenue, west of Bel- 
^-^ mont Avenue and east of the Massachusetts Building. The plan of the 
building erected by the State of Connecticut was made by Donald G. Mitchell, 
the author of the " Reveries of a Bachelor," known by his no/ii de plume 
of " Ik Marvel." The house represents an old-style dwelling in the Land of 
Steady Habits, improved and beautified to some degree by the porches and 
piazzas. There is a long sloping back roof which extends nearly to the 
ground. The external walls are plastered and shingled, showing the cross- 
beams in the old-fashioned style. The chimney is low, wide and bulging, 
adding to the quaint appearance of the structure. Over the central porch the 



arms of the State of Connecticut appear as a blazon ; the motto beneath, "Qui 
transtulit sustinet." Inside, the house is one story in height, the roof timbers 
plainly showing. There is an overhanging gallery which relieves the room 
of a barn-like effect that otherwise would be painful. The chimney-place is of 
the good old fashion, broad and deep, bordered with plain brownstone and 
glazed earthenware tiles bearing quaint antique pictorial designs. There are 
two deep mantel-shelves, the upper one resting on brackets which are sup- 
ported by the lower or principal one. The dimensions of the building are — 
front, 30 feet; depth, 40 feet; western wing, 10x12 feet; piazza, 10x20 feet. 
The main apartment is 22x30 feet; ceiling, 15 feet. 



bJj£« 



27 







CONNECTICUT STAATS GEB. 



PABELLON DE CONNECTICUT. 



PAVILLON OU CONNECTICUT. 



CONNECTICUT COTTAGE 



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NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. 



'"T^HIS building is on the south side of State Avenue, north of St. George's 
House. The Empire State presents a very showy structure, which can- 
not be said to represent any ancient style of building. The house seems to be 
modeled upon the plan of the ordinary fancy villas which dot the banks of the 
Hudson River from New York to Albany, or woo the sea-breezes upon Staten 
Island or Long Island. It is gay, but not illustrative of any State peculiarity. 
The dimensions are So feet in length by 35 feet in breadth. The piazzas are 15 
feet wide. The tower in the front is broad and convenient, and affords a fine 
view of the Exhibition grounds. The fanciful ornamentation is plenteous, and 
the painting and finish in the most elaborate style of the American villa. 
Here are displayed the wonders which result from the modern adaptation of 
machinery to the production of irregular forms, in the wood mouldings and 



scroll-work, the decorations and patterns, which have all the beauty of carving 
without requiring the labor and patience once necessary to obtain them. This 
style of mansion illustrates the tendency of the American mind in architecture, 
which is too frequently governed by a desire to obtain all the advantages of 
fine appearance without solidity of construction. Severe critics decry the appli- 
cation of pretence to the necessities of art or convenience. They must have 
everything solid and real, or they are discontented. But the forms of beauty 
can be enjoyed even if they are but shells. A statue which is pleasing to the 
eye and designed with high taste and skill is none the less beautiful because it 
is hollow. The interior of the building is handsomely fitted up with parlors 
and reception-rooms, and offices and accommodations for the officers of the 
State of New York and the citizens of that great Commonwealth. 



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NEW YORKSTAATS GEB, 



PABELLON DENEW YORK. 



PAVILLION DU NEW YORK. 



NEWYORK BUILDING. 



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NEW JERSEY STATE BUILDING. 



'~r~^HIS fanciful structure attracts the immediate attention of every one who 
comes within sight of it. Its commanding position and size, the extraor- 
dinary character of the architecture — which is unhke anything usually seen in 
this country, with its peaks, gables, projections and porches, together with the 
prominent and lofty tower — are studies for every one. The style inclines to the 
Norwegian type, but is a method whereby the fancy of the architect has had 
abundant play. The building is two stories in height. The roof is peaked 
and covered with red clay tiles. A considerable portion of the tower end of 
the second story, at the north-western portion of the structure, is covered with 
tiles of the same color. The contrasts are strong and the general effect pecu- 



liar, rendering this one of the most remarkable buildings in the Centennial 
grounds. It is situated on the east side of Belmont Avenue, immediately oppo- 
site the U. S. Government Hospital. The inside finish is plain. There are 
offices, reception-rooms, retiring-rooms and other conveniences for the people 
of New Jersey, for whose benefit in particular the house was erected. The 
building is, however, so centrally and conveniently located that many weary 
visitors from other States and countries take advantage of the comforts it 
affords. The commissioners from this State deserve the thanks of the thou- 
sands who are thus benefited by their enterprise in securing so desirable a 
location and in projecting a building so well adapted to their wants. 



falis)^ 



29 







NEWJERSEY STAATS GEB 



NEW JERSEY BUILDING. 



PAVILLON DU NEWJERSEY 



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PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING. 



'"pHE State of Pennsylvania, which gave generously toward the cost of the 
-*- great Exposition, was tardy in making arrangements for the accommoda- 
tion of its own officers and people. The time for holding the E.-chibition had 
nearly come before the Legislature made the necessary appropriation. The 
plans had been prepared and everything was ready when the contracts were 
authorized. When the building was commenced, it was pushed forward with 
such rapidity that it was ready for use a few days after the Exhibition was 
opened. This structure is situate south of Fountain Avenue, north of Machinery 
Hall, near the west end of the lake, The architecture is in the Gothic style, 
ornamented with a central tower 165 feet high, which is flanked by two smaller 
octagonal towers connected with the principal one by flying buttresses. The 



building is of wood, and is surrounded by a tasteful piazza six feet wide. The 
dimensions are 60x100 feet; the height to the eaves is 22 feet, from which 
ascends the slanting roof 17 feet, making the height to the peak 39 feet. The 
roof is covered with slate, and is pierced by dormer windows. At the east 
and west ends a Gothic porch opens, extending in the gable near to the peak 
of the roof. The interior contains a main hall, 30 x 50 feet, two pailors, each 20 
feet square, with dressing-rooms and other conveniences attached. There are 
two committee-rooms also. The Pennsylvania State Commission and the 
State government occupy this building as their headquarters, and it will be a 
place of resort for the people of the Commonwealth, Architect, H. J. Schwarz- 
mann : builders, Peters &; Burger, of Lancaster, Pa. Cost, §15,000. 



30 



MOB 








PENNSYLVANIA STAATS GEE 



PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING. pavillon de la pennsylvanie 



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DELAWARE STATE BUILDING. 



"T^ELAWARE State Building is situate on the north side of State Avenue, 
adjoining on the west the Massachusetts Building. The style is Gothic, 
of modern villa architecture; the house small, as becomes, perhaps, the 
Diamond State, the territorial area of which is not broad and extensive. It is 
54x34 feet, framed of hemlock lined and covered with Delaware floor-boards 
and weather-boarded with Delaware sidings. The entire building is put up of 
Delaware timber. A porch and tower stand out from the front, and relieve the 
plainness of the walls on either side. Over the doorway the coat-of-arms of 
the State of Delaware attracts attention. From the flagstaff a white flag, with 
the name of the State upon it, floats in the breeze, and the staff itself is sur- 
mounted by the proud emblem of this little commonwealth, "The Blue Hen's 
Chicken." The ground in front is laid out as a garden. The central path is 
divided by a diamond shaped flower-bed, and there are beds of the same shape 
for flowers on either side. The house is of two stories, and suitable for the 



accommodation of the Delaware commissioners and the people of that State. 
The interior is divided by a broad entry, from which rises a convenient staircase 
leading to the upper rooms in the second story. The ladies' parlor is on the 
west, neatly papered in green and gold, furnished comfortably and connecting 
with toilette-rooms beyond. The gentlemen's reception-room, on the east, 
connects with a retiring-room. The paper is brown and gold. Accommoda- 
tions for reading and writing are furnished, and, everything is in good order to 
make visitors comfortable. The second floor is divided into four rooms, two 
of which are fitted up as chambers and two are business-offices of the com- 
mission. The building is pleasant, and enjoys during the summer the favor of 
the prevailing south-west wind, which penetrates every apartment and renders 
the place cool and comfortable. The architect was E. L. Rice ; the builder, J. L. 
Kilgore, both of Wilmington, Del. In cost this is one of the cheapest build- 
ings on the ground, but economy has been governed by good taste. 



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DELAWARE STAATS GEB. 



DELAWARE BUILDING. 



PAVILLON DU DELAWARE. 



11 



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MARYLAND STATE BUILDING. 



"T 'K Test of her territorial neighbor, Delaware, upon State Avenue, Mary- 
land maintains her headquarters, immediately north of the California 
edifice. Tennessee is on her right; and being close under the rise of George's 
Hill, the position is sufficiently elevated to overlook the grounds. The style 
of this house is not near so ornamental as some of the State headquarters in 
the vicinity. The Maryland appropriation was very moderate, and the build- 
ing was not commenced until near the opening of the Exhibition. The ground 
plan is that of a cruciform structure. The centre is 31^ feet wide by 60 feet in 
length. The wings upon the east and west are each 30x31.} feet. At the 
angles of the cross are piazzas, each 12x30 feet, serviceable for their shade, 
rendering the interior apartments more pleasant and taking off from the exact 
appearance which the bare cruciform figure presents. The building is of two 
stories, the cornices wide and overhanging, dc^ornted with ornamental sawed- 
work in scrolls, tracery, geometrical figures and shields bearing the State mono- 
gram and the dates 1776-1S76. The centre pediment bears in large characters 
the word "Maryland." The turned and carved finials give a finish to the 
exterior. The interior is devoted to purposes of exhibition as well as of accom- 
modation. The central hall presents in appropriate exhibits the mineral, 
mining, and other productions of the State of Maryland, including coal, stone 



and marble, and also illustrates the fowling and fishing interests, including 
in the latter the oyster fishery, which is of great importance. There are 
models of fish-hatching houses, of fishing-rafts and buildings used in the 
shad-fisheries of the Susquehanna, and also of the oyster-catching material, 
vessels, pungys, canoes, drags, rafts, etc. A very important portion of this 
exhibit is devoted to showing the various enemies of the oyster which prey 
upon his existence — all except man, the greatest foe of all, who calmly stalks 
around and rejoices that he comes last. The Maryland Academy of Sciences 
furnishes liberal selections from its museum. The Maryland Historical Society 
has loaned valuable antiquarian relics, and particularly the portraits of his- 
torical worthies of the State from the time of Calvert down to the present day. 
On the left of the main hall are the press-rooms, intended for newspaper head- 
quarters for correspondents, etc., likewise parlors and retiring-rooms and other 
conveniences, rendering this house agreeable as a stopping-place for citizens 
of the State, and presenting to all who may drop in something to look at 
of interest and instruction. Architect, Geo. A. Fredrick. Builders, S. H. 
&: J. F. Adams. Ornamental wood-work by J. Thomas & Son ; all of 
Baltimore. The building was erected under the special superintendence of 
John H. B. Latrobe, U. S. Centennial Commissioner. 



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MARYLAND STAATS GEB. 



PABELLON DE MARYLAND. 



PAVILLON DU MARYLAND. 



MARYLAND BUILDING. 



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WEST VIRGINIA STATE BUILDING. 



WISELY the authorities of the State of West Virginia resolved to unite 
in the building prepared for their accommodation the double feature 
of a mansion for the reception of friends and strangers and an exhibition- 
hall. In the great buildings on the grounds this State could make but little 
figure among ihe exhibitors in the American department. Its productions, 
which are nearly all natural, would stand but little chance for examination 
alongside of fine manufactured goods, objects of art, and ingenious machinery 
which older commonwealths might present. A special building of its own, 
in which the varieties of the bounty which Nature has bestowed upon the State 
could be shown, would attract most attention, and the effect would be more 
permanent upon the memories of those who might examine the products. 
For this reason West Virginia is represented by two buildings. One is the 
State headquarters, of about 40x40 feet, two stories in height, and built upon a 
ground plan which places it diagonally in position with the exhibition-hall, 
which is behind it. The main building, in comparison with that which it 
adjoins, might be said to be shaped like the letter ^ — ^a seeming result, however, 
from the manner in which it is placed. This house is two stories in height. It 
has been constructed, with great care, of native woods, neatly paneled, and with 
the framework arranged so as to show the varieties in color and grain. From 
the point at lyhich the angles of the front building meet rises a small 
cupola, surmounted by a spire. The interior is nicely fitted up and arranged, 
and near the door is an inscription, " West Virginia welcomes all; the latch- 
string is always out." The main building is of a dimension of 30 x 59 feet. 



and built entirely of West Virginia woods. The exhibition-room is a plain 
parallelogram of 40x60 feet, which is filled with specimens of the stone, 
ores, coal, wood, sands, oil and mineral waters which the territory of the State 
furnishes. The vegetable products are illustrated by tobacco in leaf and 
manufactured into cigars and snuff. The cereals are numerous, and the soil 
upon which they grow accompanies the specimens, so as to give the fairest idea 
of its rich and fertile character. There are o\'er So varieties of wood dis- 
played on a pedestal in the centre of the hall; a rough and a polished 
specimen are placed side by side. The granite and marble and building-stone 
show great variety and beauty in color. Coal in diversity is displayed not 
only in the building, but in pillars outside on the grounds. The public-school 
system is also illustrated by specimens of the books and apparatus used, with 
maps and other examples. The petroleum product of this commonwealth is 
large, and care has been taken to show the variety of light and heavy oils. 
The substances which are used in forming mineral paints are plentiful, and 
there are specimens of fine sand for making glass, and of marls valuable in 
cultivation and equal to those of New Jersey. The display is one which must 
convince all who examine it of the immense mineral wealth of the State, and 
of the value of its vegetable productions. It only needs enterprise and capital 
to show that this commonwealth is one of the richest in the Union. The 
situation of these structures is adjoining and immediately east of the Spanish 
building, north-west of the Catholic fountain, with Arkansas as an immediate 
neighbor. 



33 



i 



V ^'..Z.'-^ o . 




WEST VIRGINIA STAATS GEB. 



PABELLON DEWEIST VIRGINIA. 

WESTVIRGINrA BUILDING. 



PAVILION DU WEST VIRGINIA. 



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ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING. 



A STRUCTURE octagonal in form, rising like a pavilion or lantern, of 
-^^^ three stories, has been prepared for the State of Arkansas. By these 
means, the building being surrounded by windows, a great degree of light is 
ensured. The appearance of the exterior is neat and pleasing, and the interior 
is cheerful. Over the main door, which fronts the south, is the escutcheon of 
the State of Arkansas. The diameter of the centre circle of the building is 82 
feet ; the superficial area, 5000 square feet. The ceiling, spherical in surface, 
rises to the base of the octagonal dome, which at the top is 50 feet above the 
floor. A circle of columns support the roof of the principal octagon. The wall 
material is wood and glass, roof of iron. The interior is fitted up comfortably 
for a double purpose — partly for the accommodation of the commissioners and 
citizens of the State, and partly as an exhibit of the products of Arkansas. 
There is a ladies' parlor, neatly furnished and provided with a piano, a room 
for gentlemen, offices, clothes-rooms, etc. At the north side a magnificent stuffed 
eagle with outstretched wings — one of the finest specimens of the bird that can 
beshown anywhere — supports the coat-of-arms of the State. He overlooks a 



very handsome cabinet made in Arkansas, constructed of 35 specimens of 
native woods, and an elegant piece of workmanship. Among these are 
woods of the Osage orange, which is indigenous to the State, white holly, 
walnut of various textures and appearance, corrugated pine, tulip, sassafras, 
ash, oak, cherry, rattan vine, grape and other varieties. Specimens of the 
trunks of the trees and vines which produced these woods in other portions of 
the hall show that they are of extraordinary size and diameter, proving a 
wildness and freedom of growth not to be excelled in other parts of the Union. 
The grasses and corn and grains are remarkable. Stalks of corn are here 
displayed which are 17 feet high and produced 76 bushels to the acre. Cotton, 
which since the close of the rebellion has become once more a matter of culti- 
vation, is on exhibition, and proves to be of fine quality and long fibre. The 
ores of lead, and of iron, fossil and magnetic, the petrifactions and novaculite 
or hone-stone, are also worthy of examination. The architect of this building 
was A. B. Bary of Philadelphia. Situation north of Fountain Avenue, adjoining 
West Virginia Building on the east, and not far from the Catholic Fountain. 



34 






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i^MdnA^hrtMHHi^lHMB 







ARKANSAS STAATS GEB. 



ARKANSAS BUILDING. 

urns. 



PAVILLON DZ L'ARKANSAS. 



MISSOURI STATE BUILDING. 



/'"CONSTRUCTED in the Gothic villa style, the Missouri headquarters, 
^^ which stand on the north side of State Avenue, the farthest west of all 
the State buildings on that side of the grounds, close up in handsome pro- 
portions the line of State buildings in the neighborhood. Iowa adjoins on 
the east, and the George's Hill restaurant is immediately south. The front 
shows a principal gable, which rises high near the west side of the house, and 
is decorated elaborately with finial, and scroll-work of sawed timber. A large 
arched window opens into this portion of the building. East of the gable a 
dormer-window rises upon the roof At the east corner is a square tower, with 
window in the second story, which extends above the main building, and is fin- 
ished off with a Mansard roof. A gable on the east side rises at the northern end 
of the house. There are two dormer-windows on that side between the gable 
and the tower. On the western side are four dormer-windows. The second 
story is formed altogether by the pitched roof and gables, lighted by the 
dormers. There is a piazza arranged on the east, south and west sides, 
supporting a veranda, pleasant for promenade and observation. On the first 



floor the main door opens into a large sitting-room, which occupies nearly the 
whole length and width of the building. Nine windows carried down to the 
floor open on the piazzas, thus ensuring abundance of ventilation and light. 
This is the main receplion-room for gendemen. The walls on the sides are 
wainscoted in hardwoods, fluted and varnished. The walls above are neatly 
colored and ornamented. The floor is matted; the furniture is comfortable 
and easy ; and altogether there is an air of hospitality about the apartment 
which assures the visitor that he is welcome. Some specimens of the products 
of Missouri are arranged around this room. The ladies' parlor is in the second 
story, the approach to which is by an easy stairway arranged in the front tower. 
The apartment is pleasant and comfortable in all respects. There is a sitting- 
room for gentlemen, which is used for an office. There are four rooms in the 
second story. The exterior is painted in light colors. Dimensions, 48 x 56 feet. 
The material is mostly of Missouri woods prepared in that State. Designing 
architect, C. K. Ramsey. Superintending architect, L. C. Miller; both of St. 
Louis, Missouri. 



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MISSOURI STAATS GEB... 



PABELLON DE MISSOURI. 



PAVILLON DU MISSOURI. 



MISSOURI BUILDING. 



MISSISSIPPI STATE BUILDING. 



RUDEST in external appearance, homeliest in interior fitting up and furnish- 
ing, the building of the State of Mississippi challenges attention by the 
contrast which it presents with the gay and fanciful structures around it. 
Whilst the arts of the carpenter, the cabinet-maker, and even of the upholsterer, 
have been brought to aid in the embellishment of the mansions in which most 
of the States receive their citizens, Mississippi displays no more of the builder's 
art than need be exercised by the emigrant who pitches upon a homestead 
in the shadows of the woods, and whose residence is a simple log cabin which 
he himself, although uninstructed in architectural mysteries, can fabricate. 
The State receives her visitors in a rude shelter which suggests the earliest style 
of home known to her settlers. Her accommodations are comprised within a 
space of 40x30 feet. The situation is in the north-western portion of the 
Centennial enclosure, west of the Japanese building. The outside walls are 
chiefly of hickory split logs with the bark on. The door-frames and window- 
frames are made of different qualities of pine. The doorway affects the Gothic 
as much as can be done, by the meeting at the centre of two logs rising at 
slight pitch. The panels of the door are intended to display the great variety 
in the character of the native woods of Mississippi, those portions of the 
structure being made of 48 different varieties. The eaves overhang the walls 
and the porticoes, and they are fringed with long Spanish moss, which forms so 



constant a pendant from the great trees which line the banks of the Mississippi 
River. This substance is arranged in picturesque style, and adds greatly to the 
rural character of the building. The balcony is supported by pillars made 
from the limbs of trees, rustic and of such shapes as nature has permitted, 
whilst the capitals are gnarled and grotesque knots and roots fantastic in 
arrangement. The interior is fitted up with native woods ; upon the inner walls, 
smooth and polished, so as to show the grain and natural color. Pine pre- 
dominates, but there is great contrast even in that product, which varies in 
appearance and quality according to the species and portions of the trees from 
which they were taken, not only in the grain and shadings, but in the substantial 
color. There are 68 kinds of woods in the interior, distinct from those in the 
panels of the doors, so that the timber treasures of the State are here shown 
in 116 varieties. The ornaments of the interior, brackets and other adjuncts 
are as the forests furnish them, and add to the general interest of the structure. 
All the timber used in this house came from Mississippi. Carpenters, citizens 
of the commonwealth, came with it, and have erected this unique and pictur- 
esque cabin. The commissioners from Mississippi are accommodated 
here. Residents of the State are welcomed, and strangers from all parts of 
the United States and of the world are courteously received and afforded 
opportunities to see and examine for themselves. 



oX^ 



36 




MISSISSIPPI STAATS GEB. 



PABELLON DEMISISIPI. 



PAVILLON DU MISSISSIPPI. 



MISSISSIPPI BUILDING. 



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^ 



OHIO STATE BUILDING. 



T X THEN this structure, on the northside of State Avenue, west of Belmont 
Avenue, was planned, the intention was to display in a striking man- 
ner the character and qualities of the different sorts of stone which are to be 
found in the State of Ohio. This design has been partially carried out. The 
first story of the main building is formed of stone of different colors and quali- 
ties. The second story of the front and gable is of Dayton stone of a light 
color, interspersed with limestone. In the upper part of the gable' is displayed 
a shield, on which is carved the arms of the State of Ohio. The glass in the 
windows is made from ground Massilon stone from a quarry near Ravenna, 
Ohio. It is fine and clear, and hardly inferior to French plate-glass. The 



other portions of the second story are of wood, and there is attached a wooden 
pavilion to the north of the main building, intended to exhibit articles from the 
State of Ohio, The latter is in the modified Gothic villa style, and is 45 feet 
front by 60 feet in depth. It is to be regretted that this house could not be 
finished in the manner originally designed. It would have been a handsome 
ornament to the grounds. The pavilion building is 40 feet in front and 60 
feet long. It has a veranda on both sides, the western one supported by a 
columned porch, and that on the east being without columns. Architects, 
Heard & Sons, of Cleveland, Ohio ; builders, Aaron Doan & Co., of Phila- 
delphia. 



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OHIO STAATS GEB. OHIO BUILDING 



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PAVILION DE tOHlO 



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THE INDIANA STATE BUILDING. 



'n~^HIS pavilion is upon State Avenue, west of the Ohio Building. It is some- 
what peculiar in appearance and decoration, and by some has been 
compared to the upper decks and "Texas" of a Mississippi River steamboat. 
It is built of wood, and is in the form of an irregular cross, 55 feet in length. 
From the level of the ceilings of the side rooms a truss-arched roof rises 24 
feet above the centre of the hall, which is lighted from the rotunda above. 
There are three porches for entrance — one at the centre and the others at the 
sides. In the interior, upon the walls, are 200 tablets, 93 of which are to be 
used by the counties of the State for their statistics. By these means is fur- 
nished in the most concise form a very complete and satisfactory summary 
of the condition of the State of Indiana in all those particulars which are 
of interest and importance to the political economist. Each county shows the 
date of its settlement, the time of its organization as a county, census figures of 
population, statements of principal products, particularization of industries, 
geological and natural features, together with the population of the larger vil- 



9 
o-Ui>^ 



lages and an enumeration of churches and school-houses. The cities by this 
assistance set forth their commercial statistics, and manifest, to all who observe, 
the character of their most notable industries. The design is to comprise upon 
these tablets matters of knowledge and interest equal in value to the most 
elaborately written article which might be printed in a cyclopedia. The re- 
maining tablets are to be devoted to the business-men of the State, to be used 
for advertising and other purposes. There are also committee-rooms, a ladies' 
parlor, a gentlemen's parlor, and other apartments. A handsome fountain 
rises in the centre of the great hall. The materials used in this very showy 
construction are wood, brick, iron and glass. It was declared semi officially 
when this structure was commenced that it was intended to illustrate "as far as 
possible Indiana homes and their productions." The materials are such as the 
State produces, but the most enthusiastic citizen will not be prepared to go so 
far as to assert that "Indiana homes" are generally as ornate as this very 
handsome building. Cost, §io,ooo. 



38 



5ELo 




INDIANA STAATS GEB. INDIANA BUILDING. PAVILLON.de L INDIANA. 



ILLINOIS STATE BUILDING. 



/^F the Gothic villa style, the Illinois State Building, cheerful in coloring, 
^"^ bright and attractive, claims attention from those who pass along State 
Avenue. It is situated immediately west of the Indiana State Building, with 
Wisconsin as a neighbor on the other side. The house is of two stories and of 
irregular form, with two gables in front, the central one being lower than that 
at the end. On the east and west sides are two gables ; a tower and small 
spire, hexagonal in shape, above the second story is a feature of the south- 
eastern corner. The eastern and western sides are provided with bay-windows. 
A piazza extends around the eastern and southern sides of the house. It is 
broad and comfortable, affording pleasant shade, the benefit of the breeze 
and a fine view of the Exhibition Buildings. The main entrance-door opens 
into a reception-room, which extends the entire width of the building. The 
floor is laid in marquetry work of oak and walnut. The walls are half wain- 
scoted in hardwoods. At the western end is a handsome mantel of clouded 



marble of a peculiar color, resembling lead color or gray mingled with white. 
The ornamentation of this elegant piece of lUinois stone-work is of black and 
white marble. The novel appearance of the mantel-piece attracts the admi- 
ration of every visitor. From the main reception-room opens on the west the 
ladies' parlor, which is nicely furnished and connected with a drawing-room. 
The gentlemen's parlor and reading-room is on the east. From the centre 
of the main reception-room an arched passage leads to the stairway ascending 
to the upper rooms. In that part of the building are four apartments for the 
Commission. The secretary's office is on the east of the reception-room, fitted 
up appropriately for the purpose. Everything connected with this structure is 
comfortable, and the people of Illinois as well as those of other States are made 
welcome. The size of the house is 40 x 60 feet. The architects were Wheelock 
& Thomas, of Chicago; the builder, Jonathan Clark, of the same city. The 
timbers were all prepared in Illinois and transported to the E.\.hibition. 



bUs/'^ 



39 



I 



1^ 




ILLINOIS 5TAATS GEB. 



ILLINOIS BUILDING. 



PAVILLON DE L'lLLINOIS. 



(SiaHlfllMI 21!!l]M^I2(^m llMMH!g®S 



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MICHIGAN STATE BUILDING. 



/^N the north side of State Avenue, west of the Wisconsin Building and 
^"^ adjoining the headquarters of New Hampshire, is the very showy structure 
erected by the State of Michigan. In appearance, elaboration and detail, 
embellishment and ornamentation, it is as rich as any State structure upon the 
grounds. The house is Swiss in appearance and decoration, the outlines being 
broken up by bay-windows, verandas, porches and hanging galleries, with 
snug little piazzas and much open work. The central tower is an imposing 
feature, and strikingly illustrative of the most ornate characteristics of the archi- 
tecture of Switzerland. The coloring is in happy contrast, and the general 
effect of the exterior is graceful and pleasing. The ground plan shows an area 
of about 50-; 65 feet. The idea has been to make this building in all respects 
illustrative of Michigan material and of Michigan workmanship. The brown- 
stone foundation comes from the Marquette quarries ; the roofing slate is from 
Huron Bay, Lake Superior ; the wainscoting in the reception-room is of highly- 



polished alabaster from the Grand Rapids quarries. The office of the governor 
of Michigan is ornamented with a mantel and side panelings of Michigan 
marble. The interior finish of other rooms is of native woods and polished 
marble and alabaster. The floors are laid with hardwoods of various kinds 
and patterns. The main staircase is spacious and handsome. The doors 
are of solid walnut and elaborately carved. The fitting up is of the finest 
character. The furniture is of Michigan woods, made by Michigan cabinet- 
makers. The walls are ornamented with pictures by Michigan artists. "Off 
Sleeping Bear Point, Lake Michigan," a large and elegant painting by Robert 
Hopkins, occupies a prominent position. The interior is fitted up with offices, 
parlors, reception-rooms and other conveniences, and it is expected that the 
citizens of Michigan visiting the Exhibition will not omit a friendly call at the 
State headquarters building, and certainly, when they see it, they will all agree 
that they have something to be proud of. 



oiiU)^ 



40 



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—£!%] 




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MICHIGAN STAATS GEB. 



MICHIGAN BUILDING. 



PAVILION DU MICHIGAN. 



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WISCONSIN STATE BUILDING. 



"P^LAINEST among the State buildings, with no more ornamentation than 
the ordinary frame house of the well-to-do citizen, the State of Wisconsin 
does not challenge admiration by the beauty of the arrangements which she 
has made for the accommodation of her commissioners and citizens. There 
is no superfluity of ornament here, but the interior shows that the more import- 
ant objects of comfort and convenience have been studied. This house is on 
the north side of State Avenue, between the buildings of Michigan and Illinois 
and north-west of the west end of the United States Government Building. 
The dimensions are 45x50 feet, height of two stories, with a central round- 
headed window and window-door in front at the second story, and a double 
round-headed window on each side. A small cupola of pyramidal shape 
rises above the ornamental pediment and is surmounted by a flagstaff. A piazza 
supported by plain pillars extends around the eastern, western and southern 
sides of the house. From the main entrance-door a hall extends through the 
building seven feet wide. On the western side is the ladies' parlor, 16 y- 20 feet, 



which is connected with a retiring-room in the rear. The floor is carpeted with 
Brussels, the walls covered with gilt paper, the ceiling in light blue, and panel- 
ings of thick Wisconsin paper in imitation of woods being arranged at the 
proper places. The furniture was made in Wisconsin. On the east side there 
is a reception-room 20x16 for gentlemen, baggage-room, washrooms and a 
reading-room, which is furnished with files of papers published in Wisconsin. 
A stairway leads to the second floor, upon which the main entry, running from 
north to south, is of the width of the hall below. This story is divided into six 
rooms, three upon each side, which are used as sleeping-apartments by the 
employes, in addition to which there is a private office room. North of this 
building is an annex intended for special display of the productions of Wiscon- 
sin. It contains specimens of the ores, minerals, stone and woods of the 

' State. Over this collection presides the war-eagle "Old Abe," a bird which 
can boast of a biography the particulars of which some of the "Badger State" 

I attendants will be glad to relate. 



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41- 



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WISCONSIN STAAJS GEB. 



PABELLON DEWISCONSIN. 



PAVILION DU WISCONSIN. 



WISCONSIN BUILDING. 



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IOWA STATE BUILDING. 



' I 'HERE is simplicity and plainness of construction about the building of 
the State of Iowa which might tempt strangers to pass it by, but they will 
find within such arrangements as will practically demonstrate the ruling idea 
in its construction — namely, that it should be convenient and suitable for the 
purposes of a State headquarters. The house is two stories in height, and the 
ground plan like to the letter "]". The narrowest portion is in the front 
building, which is 40x42 feet. At the northern end are bay-windows upon the 
east and west side, adjoining which on each side are doors and porches, so that 
the width of the edifice in that portion is 54 feet. The roof is of the old- 
fashioned gable shape. The front is plain, with a central double window with 
square head, and double windows of the same dimensions on each side. The 
piazza in front is supported by clustered columns. The appearance of this 



structure is significant of good taste and appropriateness of design. A central 
hall leads, near the back of the house, to the stairway to the upper stories. The 
ladies' double parlor is on the east, one room opening into the other. The 
furniture is good and appropriate. It is carpeted, well lighted and cheerful in 
appearance, the ornaments principally being pictures in worked tapestry. 
The gentlemen's reading-room is on the west, and the office of the commission 
immediately adjoining. In the upper portion of the house are four rooms fitted 
up for the accommodation of the commission and attendants. The situation is 
on the north side of State Avenue, east of the IVlissouri building, and adjoining 
the tent pavilion of Tennessee. The California State building is immediately 
south of it. Architect, Lovelace, of Des iVIoines, Iowa. Builder, Leaming, of 
Des Moines. Cost, $3700. A portion of the materials were prepared in Iowa. 



kU£>^ 



42 



4 




IOWA STAATSGEB. 



PABELLON DE IOWA. 



PAVILLON DEL'IOWA. 



IOWA BUILDING. 



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KANSAS AND COLORADO STATE BUILDING. 



^"T^WO Commonwealths have here united in the construction of an edifice 
for their joint accommodation. It is Gothic in style, built in the form of 
a Greek cross, the arms of which are each 132 feet in length from end to end. 
A central tower rises at the intersection of the roofs. Dormer windows light 
the second story. A broad Gothic window opens in each gable, and a piazza 
with small pavilions at the intersection of the angles renders the front com- 
fortable. This hall is adapted to a double purpose. It will accommodate 
the commissioners and the visitors from the two States which own it, but it is 



also intended for an exhibition building of the products of the State of Kansas, 
which can be better disposed in order to give a correct idea of the resources 
of that portion of the great West than could be had if they were displayed in the 
larger buildings. These exhibits are made in a circular hall in the centre of the 
house, and are approached by broad passage-ways from the north and south. 
This structure is situate immediately east of the New Jersey State Building. 
A painting of the broad seal of Kansas which is nine feet in diameter is placed 
over the southern entrance, and a map of the State, 12 x 25 feet, hangs beneath. 



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43 



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KANSAS &COLORADO STAATS GEB. KANSAS 8c COLORADO BUILDING. pavillqn du Kansas et Colorado. 



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COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET-OFFICE. 



'"P'HIS building stands on the west side of Belmont Avenue, north of the east 
end of Machinery Hall. The pavilion is in the Renaissance style, hand- 
somely ornamented and attractive in appearance. The ground-plan is in the 
figure of a Greek cross. In the interior is a central hall 60 feet in diameter, 
offices, waiting-rooms and other apartments for the accommodation of visitors. 
This office belongs to Messrs. Cook, Son & Jenkins, the American branch of 
the house of Thomas Cook Si Son, London, known all the world over as mana- 
gers of excursions, tours and travels to all parts of the globe. By their extensive 
agencies and arrangements they ensure to the traveler the best accommoda- 
tion on his journey, good hotels wherever he stops, and every comfort and 
convenience. Cook's Tourists' tickets carry the holders to every portion of the 
civilized world. 



The whole business is under the control and charge of Mr. Thomas Cook, 
the senior member of the firm, who for almost a lifetime has been engaged 
in the business of teaching the people of the world how to travel cheaply, 
pleasantly and comfortably. 

These tourist tickets present also the additional advantage that they are not 
limited in time ; they permit the tourist to stop en rmtle at pleasure, while all 
unused tickets are redeemed. 

Hotel coupons are also issued, available for accommodation at at least one 
first-class hotel in every chief city of the world, at fixed and uniform prices, 
and that price lower than the regular price of the hotel. The firm holding this 
concession have had a similar connection with all the great expositions of the 
world, commencing in London in 1S51, and ending in Vienna in 1S73. 



biJs^ 



44 



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-OOKS WELT BILLET VERKAUF COOKS WORLDS TICKET OFFICE. bureaux des billets de iyicooke. 



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1 



GLASS EXHIBITION BUILDING.- 



^ I ^HIS is one of the special manufacturing structures on the Centennial 
grounds. It has been erected by GiUinder & Sons, glass manufacturers, 
of Philadelphia, for the exhibition of their peculiar industry. Here the process 
of making glass-ware for domestic use is exemplified from the melting and 
blowing of the crude material to the cooling, polishing, cutting, engraving and 
ornamenting of every species of glass, pitchers, goblets, wine-glasses, tumblers, 
vases, fancy bottles and other articles. The entire operation, from the crude 
material to the finished implement, is thus exemplified. The building is 
large, neat in appearance, and admirably adapted in all particulars for the 
uses designed. The dimensions are about loo by 40 feet. The site is west 



of Machinery Hall, and very near the Fifty-second street entrance, at the foot 
of George's Hill. 

Among the exhibits in this building are several steam-engines in active 
operation, every part of which, from boiler to the smallest valve, is made of 
glass; a glass locomotive capable of drawing two glass cars at the rate of seven 
miles an hour; a lady's bonnet of spun glass, which, when laid out in con- 
tinuous line, would extend 48,000 miles, or twice" around the globe. These 
articles, of no practical utility themselves, illustrate the wonderful capabilities 
of the material of which they are made, as well as the skill the manufacturers 
have attained. 



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45 



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GIAS FABRIK. 



GLASS EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



EXPOSITION DES GLASSES. 



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SINGER (SEWING MACHINE) MANUFACTURING CO. BUILDING. 



THE time is fully within the memory of Americans of the present genera- 
tion who will not confess themselves old when the invention of the 
sewing-machine was spoken of as a novelty which never could be made 
valuable, or which, if such should happen to be the case, would cause deplor- 
able results in the distress and injury of all the sewing-women in the land. 
Scarcely thirty years have elapsed since Elias Howe obtained his first patent. 
Some years passed by before the machine elicited much favor, but latterly its 
success in various forms has been enormous. The Singer Manufacturing Co. 
has invested a large capital in the manufacture of machines upon the patents 
in their possession, and they have at their headquarters in the Centennial 
grounds the two millionth machine of their making, which they design dis- 
posing of when the Exhibition closes, by lot, to be awarded to some fortunate 
lady who may visit them in the mean while. The Singer building is situate 
upon Lansdowne drive, north-west of the Art Building annex, and occupies a 
pleasant situation overlooking Lansdowne Glen. It is in the Gothic cottage 
style, oblong in shape, the dimensions being 56x81 feet. Highly ornamented 
gables rise in the centre of the north, south, east and west sides. They ai'e 
topped off with handsome finials, and the open timber-work and decorations 
are in fine style. Their pitched roofs join Mansard pavilion roofs at the 
angles of the house. Each of these corner additions receives light from a 
single dormer-window opening into the second story rooms. A handsome 



portico surrounds the building. It is broad, comfortable and shady. Tlie roof, 
of slate, is gayly ornamented in colors. The upper portion of the cottage is 
decorated with flagstaffs at every available point. There are twelve of them, 
which display the colors of the principal nations of the world. The ladies' 
parlor is at the south-west portion of the cottage, and is richly furnished, the 
wall decorations being elegant pictures in tapestry worked by the Singer sew- 
ing-machine. There are offices adjoining. The main exhibition-room is on 
the east, and occupies the entire depth of the building on that side. In 
handsome cases are exhibited specimens of sewing-machine workmanship 
upon shoes, saddles, harness, clothing and embroidery. There are 61 sewing- 
machines in full operation in this apartment during exhibition hours, no two 
of which are alike in appearance or in details of machinery. Among the 
curious apparatus here exhibited are machines for sewing wax thread, making 
buttonholes and eyelets, and binding books. Three wax figures representing 
magnificent women, one being a lifelike representation of the princess of 
Wales, are in the show-cases. The dresses are elaborate and costly, in the 
richest styles, showing varieties of sewing, pleating, ruffling and embroidering, 
including a magnificent costume rich in gold bullion embroidery, which 
garment is estimated as worth $8000. The architect of this building was James 
Vandyke, of Elizabeth, New Jersey. The work was done entirely by employes 
of the Singer Manufacturing Co, Cost, $20,000. 



46 



i 










SINGER NAHMASCHINEN CO.- 



-MA9UINAS DEC03ERDE SINGER. 

SINGER SEWING MACHINE CO. 



■SINGER MACHINESA CQNDRE. 



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FRENCH RESTAURANT. 



'"T^HE Restaurant "Les Trois Freres Proven^aux" (the three brothers of Prov- 
ence) is noted, in Paris for its excellence, the pre-eminent character of its 
accommodations and the superiority of its cooking. A branch of this establish- 
ment was at the Vienna Exhibition, and the proprietors have transferred it to 
the American Exhibition. The building is on a lot 200 by 250 feet. There is a 
banquet-room, 130x50 feet, with a cafe, private saloons, billiard-rooms and 
kitchen. The main saloon is handsomely fitted up. Upon the walls are four 
large and elegant pictures in tapestry, woven with great skill, in which the 
colors are bright and the shadows harmoniously managed. They represent 
hunting-scenes, the figures exceedingly well drawn and life-like, and the effect 
complete. This work is as fine as any which is to be found in any of the great 
Exhibition buildings, and must have required perfect skill and patience in 
execution. The furniture is appropriate for the purposes of the building. 
There are a large number of tables conveniently disposed, for the accommoda- 



tion of parties and for the comfort of those who dine alone. On the sides and 
front the ground-space is utilized for the same purpose. Comfortable awnings 
cover the entire area, and those who wish to dine or sup a/ frcsio may enjoy 
the shade and the breeze. On the southern side of the building tables overlook 
the lake, and are more secluded from observation than other parts of the 
enclosure. One may here enjoy not only the delicacies of the cuisine, 
but solace the eye with the view of the handsome expanse of water and 
the coolness which is diffused in the atmosphere by the numerous jets of the 
great fountain. The portico in front, being semicircular, is connected with 
pavilions, which are fitted up as wine-rooms, and are stored with the 
choicest vintages. It is estimated that in this restaurant there can be served 
at one time 1000 persons. It is under the direction of Leon Goyard, of Paris. 
The location is on the south-west corner of Belmont Avenue and Fountain 
Avenue. 



oJJs^^ 



47 



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FRANZOS. RESTAURATION 



RESTAURANT FRANCES. 



RESTAURANT FRANCAIS. 



FRENCH RESTAURANT. 



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CAMPBELL PRINTING-PRESS BUILDING. 



^*T~^HIS may be considered as an annex to Machinery Hall, and is situate 
due west of that building, near Elm Avenue. The Campbell Printing- 
press and Manufacturing Company of New York has erected this structure 
in order to demonstrate the facilities which it possesses for the illustration 
of the processes by which to aid the art preservative of all arts. The 
building is 124 feet in length by 88 feel in width, and is equipped to con- 
tain a complete newspaper office, with editorial, composing and press-rooms, 
and a job office. Here are exposed in the plainest manner all the mysteries 
which once surprised an une.xpecting world, and caused the suspicion, when 
Gutenberg and Faust made their discovery known, that by the assistance only 
of the father of evil could such things be done. Here may be seen reporters 
and editors scratching off articles for the press at the rate of twenty pages an 
hour. The busy printer's "devil" reveals himself and issues his importunate 



commands for "copy." The compositor, with stick and rule, hovers over his 
case hke a humming-bird over a flower, and drones out, as he adjusts his type, 
the unending refrain of "Click, clickety, click." The proof-reader hurries over 
his business with seeming rapidity, but with great sharpness to detect errors 
and executive ability to correct them as he goes along. Then comes the work 
of correcting, of adjusting the matter in form, of stereotyping, perhaps, and the 
final arrangement of the type upon the press, from which the printed sheets soon 
issue with amazing rapidity. Among the presses in use are Campbell's printing, 
rotary and folding machine, with a capacity of 20. 000 copies folded per hour, and 
25,000 unfolded. There are besides a large number of cylinder presses and job- 
presses and other machinery, including the antique press of Isaiah Thomas, the 
father of printing in New England, with the furniture of his office and various other 
tools and implements connected with the history of typography in this country. 



o-Qb^ 



48 



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CAMPBELL BUCHDRUCKER PRESSE, 



TIPOGRAFIA DCL SR. CAMPBELL. 



TYPOGRAPHIQUE DE M.CAMPBELL. 



CAMPBELL PRINTING PRESS BUILDING. 



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PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION STUDIO. 



'"P'HE Centennial Board of Finance ceded to the Centennial Photographic 
Company, before the Exhibition opened, the exclusive privilege of sell- 
ing and making photographic pictures and articles tending to their production 
and use within the International Exhibition. For the purpose of taking and 
making the pictures the association erected a studio or hall on the east side of 
Belmont Avenue. The building attracts attention from the fact that it is with- 
out windows, showing walls and decorations which, by the softening of art, 
subtract from the appearance of what otherwise would be an uninteresting 
structure. A piazza, porch and balustrade on the exterior are prominent fea- 
tures, and the front is elevated and handsomely finished. The building is 



86 feet 6 inches front by 125 feet in depth, and is but one story in height. It 
is constructed on the sides of a hollow square, the courtyard being decorated 
as a garden with flowers and shrubbery. The interior of the building is lighted 
with skylights designed for photographic convenience. The front portion of 
the studio is reached by a wide stairway communicating with the reception- 
room and two galleries for the exhibition of photographs. There are three 
operating-rooms for taking pictures, rooms for finishing them, waiting-rooms 
and public and private offices. The entire structure is perfectly arranged 
for the object intended, and its use has' given great satisfaction. Architect, 
H. J. Schwarzmann ; builder, John Duncan. Cost, ^25,000. 



49 



Jgo 




PHOTOGR. GESE LLSCHAFT 



PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSOCIATION STUDIO. asscjtiation photographique 



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JAPANESE BAZAAR. 



THE Japanese are certainly the Yankees of the Asiatic continent. There 
is utility in their arrangements and a wide-awake appreciation of the 
demands of business which show thrift and thorough mercantile ability. An- 
ticipating the curiosity which attends their movements among all the visitors 
of the Exhibition, they resolved to make the most of the opportunity and turn 
American inquisiiiveness to their own advantage. The Japanese Bazaar is 
simply a shop, furnished with goods likely to attract purchasers and wisely 
restricted to commodities which, compared with the elaborate articles in the 
Japanese sections of the Main Building, are cheap. The Bazaar is situated 
north of the House of Public Comfort, and opening eastward faces the Swedish 
School-house. The building was erected by the artisans who put up the 
Japanese dwelling, it is not so fine a piece of workmanship as the latter; but 
considering the object for which it is intended, it must be pronounced in 
appearance and finish superior to most of the temporary structures erected on 
the grounds. The main building shows a broad centre with quadrangular 
wings at the ends, and the width is about 125 feet. The depth is probably forty 
feet, and there is a storage annex adjoining. The interior may be said to be a 
series of counters, shelves and tables, open to the air and light, protected only 
by the roof. The latter is in the usual Japanese style, covered with black tiles, 
those at the edges being painted white. The principal roof overhangs what 
might be called a shed roof, and the latter, in the centre of the main building 



and at each of the wings^ is decorated with pediments grotesque in shape, and 
not kept in order by the severe attention to maintaining straight lines which 
is seen in American architecture. The little piece of ground which surrounds 
this building has been enclosed and fixed up in Japanese garden style. The 
flower-beds are laid out neatly and fenced in with bamboo. Screens of matting 
and of dried grass divide the parterres. There is a fountain guiltless ofyW ^'eau 
from which the water trickles. At the southern entrance a queer-shaped urn 
of granite on a pedestal, shows marks of great age, being weather-worn and 
dilapidated. .It musfhave done garden service years before Perry opened Japan 
to the Western nations, and it was carved by Niphonese who had never seen a 
foreigner, and who never could have expected that their work would be trans- 
ported thousands of miles to be inspected by millions of strangers. The 
garden statuary is peculiar. Bronze figures of storks 6 to 8 feet high stand in 
groups at certain places, and a few bronze pigs are disposed in easy comfort in 
shady places. The shelves and tables of the Bazaar are loaded with curious 
goods, in the preparation of which these industrious people excel. There are 
bronzes of all sorts and designs, china-ware, tea-services and unique ceramic 
articles odd in appearance, and some devoted to strange uses. Of the gilded 
and varnished articles known as japanned ware there is great variety, and 
there are numerous knickknacks and curiosities of all sorts which the Japanese 
merchants are anxious to dispose of, and are ready to barter for greenbacks. 






50 




JAPANESISCHER BAZAAR. 



BAZAAR JAPONES. 



JAPONAIS BAZAAR. 



JAPANESE BAZAAR. 



Irt 



STATE-HOUSE IN 1776. 



AS a Centennial building the State-house In Philadelphia is chief of all. 
It has been called the birthplace of liberty. It is certainly the birthplace 
of the International Exposition of 1S76, which celebrates in the magnificent 
expanse of Fairmount Park the grand events which gave being to a nation a 
century before. This venerable edifice was erected by order of the Assembly 
of the province of Pennsylvania for the accommodation of its own members 
and the convenience of courts and public offices. Between 16S2 and 1729 the 
Assembly was without a fixed place of meeting; its sessions were held some- 
times in private houses, for several years in a school-room, upon occasion in 
the Quaker meeting-houses and in the court-house at Second and Market 
streets. In 1729, ^^lo.ooo were appropriated for the purchase of ground for the 
purpose of building a State-house. With that money the Assembly purchased 
several lots on the south side of Chestnut street between Fifth and Sixth, which 
extended southward halfway to Walnut street. Andrew Hamilton, speaker 
of the Assembly and chairman of the committee, was the architect, and the 
main building was commenced in the summer of 1732. It was not ready for 
use until October, 1735, when the Assembly first sat in it, although the structure 
was not finished. In 1741 it was considered to be completed. At that time the 
centre building alone was the State-house. The tower and steeple on the south 



side were not then built, and for nine years no effort was made to add to the 
main structure. In 1733 the Assembly authorized the construction of two build- 
ings, one on each side of the State-house, for public offices. They were two 
stories in height, with hip-roofs, stood some distance from the main building, but 
seemed to be connected with it by arched piazzas, from which stairways extended 
to the second story of the offices, which were independent of the rooms below. 
It is a question how access was obtained to the second story of the State-house 
before the tower and stairway were erected. It might have been from the main 
central hall. In 1750 the Assembly authorized the erection of a building on 
"the south side of the State-house, to contain a staircase, with a suitable place 
for hanging a bell." Upon this tower a wooden steeple was erected in style 
resembling the present one, but not so lofty, Isaac Norris, speaker of the 
Assembly, in the latter part of 1751, authorized to be procured in London a bell 
to weigh about 2000 pounds, upon which he directed the following inscription 
to be cast : 

" BV ORDER OF THE ASSEMRLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE STATE 

house" IN THE City of Philadelphia, 1752." 
"Proclaim liherty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof. — 
Leviticus xxv. 10." 



STATE-HOUSE IN 1776. 



^ 



This bell was cast at Whitechapel, London, and weighed 2080 pounds. It 
was received in Philadelphia about the end of August, 1752. Upon trying its 
tone it became cracked. It was recast by Pass & Stow, of Philadelphia, in 
April, 1753. Upon trial it was found that the tone was not satisfactory. It was 
a^ain broken up and. recast by the same founders, and placed in the steeple in 
June, 1753, A clock for the State-house was made by Peter Stretch in 1759. The 
dials were displayed at the eastern and western ends of the main building, in stone 
cases, imitating old-fashioned eight-day clock cases, which extended to the 
•round. In May, 1773, the second Continental Congress sat in the east room 
of the State-house, and occupied that apartment during the greater part of the 
Revolution. Whilst using this apartment Richard Henry Lee's resolution of 
independence was adopted, July 2, 1776. A declaration of the causes leading 
to that act was adopted July 4. On the Sth of July, John Ni.\-on, a member of 
the Provincial Council of Safety, read the Declaration of Independence in the 
State-house yard to the people there assembled from an observatory which 
had been erected by the American Philosophical Society to note the transit of 
Venus over the sun. At the same time the king's arms were taken down from 
the chamber of the Supreme Court-room, now National Museum, and were 
carried to the Old London Coffee-bouse, where they were publicly burned. 



bUs^ 



The State-house yard was enlarged before this time by the purchase of 
the intervening ground to Walnut street. The wooden steeple, becoming 
decayed, was taken down in 1781. The low buildings on the east and 
west adjoining the public offices were used for sheds, storage of artil- 
lery and other purposes. Frequently they were occupied by deputations of 
Indians on their visits to the city. The liberty bell was taken 'down in 1777 
upon the approach of the British army toward Philadelphia, removed to Beth- 
lehem, Pennsylvania, and brought back upon the evacuation of the city by 
the enemy. This bell was afterward used only on particular occasions. It 
was rung in 1S28 in honor of the act of British Parliament emancipating the 
Roman Catholics, and on February 22, 1832, in honor of the centennial anni- 
versary of the birth of Washington. It was cracked July 8, 1S35, whilst being 
tolled in memory of Chief-justice Marshall, who died in Philadelphia two 
days before, and whose funeral procession was passing toward the steamboat 
wharf, from which the body was to be transferred to Richmond, Vii'ginia. It 
was rung afterward occasionally, though cracked, but became so much injured 
during the celebration of Washington's birthday in 1S43 ^^'^^ '^ was never used 
afterward. 



i^alilci 




UNABHANGIGKEITS HALLE. 



EDinClO DELAINDEPENDENCIA EN 1776. 



HOTEL DE L'lNDEPENDANCE. 



INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1775, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



m 



INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1876. 



THE contrasts of a century are here shown. The centre building^ remains 
substantially as it was in the Revolution, except that at the main entrance 
the plain doorway has been replaced by a fixture with arched entablature and 
columns. The clock-cases on the east and west have been removed. The 
steeple is a new one; it v/as built in 1S28. At that time a new bell was pro- 
cured, which, by coinclLlence with the history of its predecessor, was not perfect 
and satisfactory until the third casting, two bells having previously been broken 
up. This bell was cast by J. Wiltbank, and weighed 4600 pounds. It was 
taken down in June, 1876, and replaced by another, presented by a citizen, 
which weighs 13,000 pounds. Around the top of the new bell is the inscription, 
"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace and good will to men." On 
the bottom is the old inscription, "Proclaim liberty throughout the land to all 
the inhabitants thereof." An eagle with olive branch, arrows, stars and other 
emblems is upon the bell, which was cast by Mcneely & Kennedy, of Troy, 
New York. A clock presented by the same citizen, which was made by 
the Thomas Clock Company of Thomaslon, Conn., replaces the clock made 
for the city of Philadelphia by Isaiah Lukens in 1828. This building, by 
resolution of councils, after Lafayette's visit in 1824, was given the name of 
Independence Hall. It was occupied after the Continental Congress left it 
by the Pennsylvania Assembly, the mayor's court and the district court in the 
lower rooms. Peale's Museum had possession of the upper rooms from 1802 
to 1S2S. The United States Circuit and District Courts and offices held the 
second story from 1829 till about 1854. In the latter year the city councils 
of Philadelphia took possession of the upper story, which they still occupy 
for their place of meeting and for committee-rooms. The square offices and 
piazzas, which were on the east and west sides of the main building during 



the Revolution were torn down about 1816, at which time the Legislature sold 
the Slate House to the city of Philadelphia. Wings of two-story offices, arched 
so as to be fire-proof, were erected for the accommodation of the courts and 
county officers. The building at the south-west corner of Fifth and Chestnut 
street is the City hall. It was erected in 1791 for the use of the mayor and 
councils and other officers of the city of Philadelphia. During the time the 
Federal government was in Philadelphia — from 1790 to iSoo — the Supreme 
Court of the United States sat in the second story, under Chief-justices John 
Jay and Oliver Ellsworth and their associates. The United States District and 
Circuit Courts occupied the same room. The building on Fifth street, on the 
south side of the City hall, belongs to the American Philosophical Society. It 
was finished in 1787. The society dates its origin from the establishment of 
the Junto by Dr. Franklin and others in 1727. The building at the south-cast 
corner of Sixth and Chestnut street is known as Old Congress Hall. Work 
upon it was commenced in 1787, and it was finished in 1790. The Congress 
of the United States under the Federal government occupied this building en- 
tirely from 1790 to 1800. The House of Representatives sat in the south room, 
first floor, and the Senate in the south room, second floor. There was no door 
on Sixth street, as is the case now; the entrance was from the front door, on 
Chestnut street. The rooms on the first and second floors in the front part of 
the building were used by Congress for committee-rooms and other purposes. 
In the House of Representatives' chamber, in 1793, George Washington and 
John Adams were inaugurated President and Vice-President for their second 
term; and in 1797 John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President of the United States. Since Congress left Phila- 
delphia this building has been occupied by court-rooms and public offices. 



LlE^ 



52 



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UNABHAN6IGKEITS HAILE. 



EDinCIO DELAINDEPENDENCIA EN 1876. 



HOTEL DE L'lNDEPENDANCE. 



INDEPENDENCE HALL IN 1876, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



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